The Importance Of Organizational Structure Management Essay

The Importance Of organisational Structure Management EssayEvery conjunction has its own institution body complex body part. Organizational structure gage be described as the systematical campaign on of delegating power and authority among the employers. Besides, memorial tabletal structure besides involves in how a business is organized to achieve their specific goals.Organization structure whoremonger be defined as the pattern of relationship among positions in the shaping and members of the organization. Structure provides the frame compute for organizational activities and the trouble. Organization structure set up be described as a framework that delegates responsibilities, working pieces and relationship, and lineage of communication.Organization structure is a framework which discusses the unavoidably of a reckon to be successful in organizing. This framework is complete at the low and moldiness be well understood by all fill exposewise it allow for be impossible to make important determination reservations. Too many thrusts bring forth set discover with no sporting idea of who the customer is and who is empowered to take these important decisions, and a project which starts in this focusing is bound to encounter severe difficulties along the way even if it does non end in hail disaster.1.1 IMPORTANCE OF organizational STRUCTUREOrganization map contains of functions, responsibilities, authorities, relationships, and communications of individuals of employees and circumspection within for all(prenominal) one surgical incision. The typical depiction of structure is the organization graph. The formalized organizational chart was been formed since 1854, by Daniel McCallum, who use organization structure to create a sense of standardized flow of departments and positions that argon align with respective individuals skills and knowledge, As result, the organization chart formed a clear line that showed the authority of su pervisors as well as the communication flow available for the subordinates to their flying supervisors.Having an organization structure is for purpose of being organized is to achieve goals and objectives by fully utilizing available resources. Being organized is the make for by which the work is divided among departments and employees, and these department and jobs atomic number 18 linked together to form a unified system. It shows the organization design of the company. This organizational design also shows the chart of the company. Also, included the work specialization, chain of command, span of control, degree of centralization, and not forgetting the departmentalization of an organization.1.2 TYPES OF organisational STRUCTUREThere atomic number 18 four types of organization structure which argon at common that any organization would use for their company. The four structures represent of Entrepreneurial structure, functional structure, Matrix structure and Divisional st ructure.First of all, the entrepreneurial organization structure is an adapting structure which brings activities of management and process that ar relate to gaining profitability upon specific opportunities. This structure present strong management process accordingly in order to gain necessary speed, agility and creativity to utilize opportunities. An example of an entrepreneurial organization structure is as the chart belowFrom the entrepreneurial structure, it is clearly understood that departments argon diversified at wide range where the link between departments ar several and each bring in management departments resembles other sub-departments that lay under them for example deal the operation department which chinks warehouse logistics department and quality assurance department. secondly is the functional structure where an efficient work flow depends on the desegregation of various tasks within the organization. Most firms use this basic approach in structuring t heir organizations. The functional approach is straightforward and usually impelling in practice. Functional Structure are usually best and more(prenominal) suitable for each medium or small sized businesses that dont have wide range of products or production requirements. The functional structure plant life best for organizations who offers products or services that are solitary. Below shows the illustration of a functional structureFrom the diagram illustrating the functional organization structure, Functional structure can be described as an organization structure which hold minimum departmental sections and are not complicated with linking each top management departments with more sub-departmental divisions relating to the respective departments. This type of structure is best relevant by organizations that consists small number of organization members.The third type of organization structure known as the Matrix structure is a good deal used for short periods to solve a p roblem or complete a project. It can be a permanent arrangement in business where work is assigned by project, cutting across functional departments. In this structure, people have more than one boss.Divisional structure is essentially a kind of an organizational structure that is characterized by divisions inside an organization. Divisions are made to facilitate large sized organization that are either manufacturing more than one product or operating in more than one market or in geographic area.1.3 WHAT IS EVENT charge exit management can be defined as a management that are formed to plan an feature and verbalize out their plan into exercises and succeed in the military issue as an outcome. Generally, cause management is a set of project team formed to create and snap off festivals and fonts. It is known as the practice of integration of communicating and handling cases. Event management is a growing industry with exciting very frequently unique career opportunity for tho se who are in passion to work as planning and organizing of events. Despite event management being an organization by itself, event management also exist in any organization but are not as similar as event management company as other organization event management groups are formed as temporary to organize events equal family day, annual dinner and others that only involves the organization members, however event management companies organizes events that would enable a huge amount of participation by anyone c oncern.1.4 accompany INTRODUCTIONNS event management ptd.ltd is an event management company that is established for the concerns of good-will where we plan, forge and produce events that are organized to help those in needs and unfortunates. Our organization vision is to bring awakeness to the society on their responsibility in helping those in charity. The mission of this organization is to carry out events that would dismiss funds to contribute to many charity homes t hat are based around Malaysia. Our organization organizes small events like concerts, sports, campaign and carnivals like selling donated goods which can also be called as charity sales.Currently, our company is working on organizing an annual dinner which is named as benevolence Nite, to raise funds to contribute to charity homes that are based in Johor Bahru. We mean this Charity Nite to gather people to bring unity among people not forgetting the unfortunates. Despite, this event is also planned to find out that the ordinary are aware of charity homes in Johor Bahru to lull them giving their help and support to experience the unfortunates are not neglected by us. Therefore, as an outcome from this event we would love to at least be able to provide the charity homes contributions on their quotidian needs in term of food, drinks and other daily necessary items. Our event management representatives according to plan are arranged in order with departmental objectives to succ essfully exercise the event is as the organization structure belowEvent Director is a leading board that determines and recognitions events proposed by the passenger vehicle. Event managing theater handlers major role is as being a strong support and guiding the cover direction to the service teams to function within the event management. Event handler is also in trusty to ensure that the team works on clock time preparing all necessaries for the event and communicating with the event owner if its requested by any other industry. For the Charity Nite, the event director is accountable in ensuring that the task and job delegations are equally distributed with each and either representative attached with their own roles and responsibilities according to their skills and knowledge. However, Event director is also in responsible to correlate with the finance theater director who handles the financial status of the event ensuring that the flow of cash are stable and has hol d of immediate records of every transactions held as it relates public and transparency.The Event four-in-hand holds the responsibility to plan and execute the event accordingly with his subordinates. They are often behind the scene running the event together with their teams involving in not only planning and executing the event but also marking building, marketing and communicating with relatedness to the event with strategies. Event managers are usually experts in creativity, technical and logistical elements which help the vents succeed. The event manager is involved in the event at the beginning stage till the end as they are also responsible in budget the event. For the Charity Nite, the event manager plays his/her role in all the elements of being an event manager to lead his team guiding them at every stage of action taken towards the arrangements of the event as designated by the event director. Event manager here reports the updates on the preparation of the event to the event director at every stage of improvement as well as discusses with the director when there are issues that are very difficult to be tackled and needs suggestions and ideas.Program Coordinators is the department formed to handle the issues related to the event which includes makes of the event, ceremonies that would take place for the event, as well as entries for the vestibule for the arrangement of tables and area for the people participating as well as preparations for the sittings and registrations. This department is formed to be involved and be responsible for the venue of the event where they are in task of ensuring that everything runs safe and sound during and beforehand the event from practice of performance to preparation of equipments for the hall. For the Charity Nite event, the program coordinators are in responsible in handing the performance which are either searched and selected by them or gained by the sponsorship department for artists or famous people to perform for the fund raising and arrange dates for practices. Therefore, the program coordinators are responsible to ensure that the event programs are well arranged and publishing the event to the public are done widely.Sponsorship Coordinators is the department that consist a few members who would breast for funds which can be either monetary or in other tangible useful items like vouchers, daily necessary things, food market and many more. This department needs of a lot of teamwork whereas at times, it would be helped by other departments. For the event of Charity Nite, the sponsorship coordinators are in responsible to persuade businesses, organizations and publics who are affordable to give in any fall apart of funds and support to successfully running the event. Therefore, the department is also responsible to acknowledge the sponsors by giving in return marketing tools by advertising their organization or using media to address them as for their whole-hearted back up for the charity.Sales and Ticketing Coordinators is department that are delegated the responsibility of making sales and promoting the event through selling of tickets or doing sales of items which are donated. This department also is in responsible of generating funds like the sponsorship department to accommodate the expenses that fleets during the organizing of the event. For the Charity Nite, the sales and ticketing coordinators makes sales through selling off the tickets for the hall debut to the public and organizations. However, this department also requires marketing skills and persuading skills like the sponsorship departments, as they are in need to first gain the trust of the public in order to ensure that they are able to sell their tickets and promote the event with huge number of participants involving for the event.Official Coordinators is the department formed to handle documents and authoritative letters similar to a secretarial job responsibility. Besides that, they are also responsible in getting marshals, umpires or master of ceremonies like guest of honors for an event. For Charity Nite, the official coordinators are in responsible to prepare documents that are important for sponsorships as well as program coordinators in term of the official letter requesting for sponsors, letters of performance entry, and also other official letters and documents. Despite, the official coordinators are also responsible to consign invitations to guest of honors to successfully brighten the event on the day. Moreover, official department merges with others department documental works and files up the documents to be able to birth its updating status to the event manager who can use it to ease him/her in explaining the updates about the event to the event director.1.5 CONCLUSIONFrom the researches that have been carried out, the writer thinks that functional structure is the best structures for my event that is Charity Night 2011. This is because about of the firms use this approach in structuring their organizations. This is because the approach is straightforward and usually effective in practice.We chose this structure is because it minimizes duplication in an organization. This is because the top manager will give the order and direction to the employees so there is no run a risk to be the same outcome even though similar tasks are given. Basically, the functional structure offers a way to centralize decision making and provide unified direction from the top.Likewise how it has strengths it also has the weaknesses. The weaknesses are the lesser interaction between the other departments and people belonging to other departments. This can be overcome by having a general meeting once in a week or have small eat or tea time after a long time working in tension.Apart from that, another weakness are because of the functions are separate from one another, employees a whitethorn have little intellectual of and concern for the special ty areas outside their own functional area. These problems can be overcome by having a small consultation time every week in an organization. Through this employees can speak out their hold out or what they are not happy with other employees or with the tasks, managers or anything.Another weakness are functional structure has rigid and separate chains of command response time to changes in the environment may be slow. Managers in a functional structure also contract focused on their functional area, both long and short range. This can be overcome byAnother weakness, employees become isolated. This is becauseCan be overcome byOne of the most serious weaknesses are occur when members of functional departments become overspecialized, develop self centre, narrow viewpoints, and lose the total system perspective. This can be overcome by..Another damage is problems are pushed around and also often slows decision making. This is because all the problems must be referred up the hierarchy for resolution. This can be avoid by appoint a manager for each of the department to make a decisions when the top managers are not around.

Is Sugar Addiction a Substance Use Disorder?

Is Sugar habituation a vegetable marrow utilization Disorder?An Examination of Sugar dependance as aSubstance Use DisorderAbstractIn the last decade, many studies make up supported the addictive nature of wampum. In this examination of cabbage dependance, we explore the parallels with depicted object ab hire disoblige and mettlesomelight the effects on the intelligence and body as well as the mental and biological encounter factors that may make an individual vulnerable to kale dependance. We theorize that define stops habituation as a total ab employ rowdiness in a future version of the diagnostic and Statistical manual(a) of Mental Disorders (DSM) will change policy to improve public health, and background the costs of metabolous disorders like diabetes, obesity, and heart disease on the economy.Keywords kail addiction, substance lend oneself disorder, dopamine,impulsivity, obesity humanwide obesity rates ar rapidly rising. In 2016, an estimated30% of Americans over the age of 18, and almost 20% of young adults were hardor obese, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 (Centers for indisposition watch and Prevention, 2016) and they ar projected to increase to80% by 2023 (Wang, Beydoun, Liang, Caballero, & Kumanyika, 2008). Between 29%and 47% of obese individuals meet the criteria for binge ingest disorders (BED)(McCuen-Wurst, Ruggieri, & Allison, 2017). However, we suggest in this reviewof the literature that the nutrition addiction model is a to a greater extent appropriate mechanismwhen looking at correlates and causes of the development of eating disordersand metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity. TheDSM-5 criteria for BED is throttle in that it focuses largely on behavior, distressand discompose caused by the eating disorder, and lacks acknowledgment of theneurobiological vulnerabilities and effects (American psychiatrical Association,2013a). Alternatively, the nutrien t addiction model proposes that regimen, especially highschoolly palatable, processed solid foods that are high in sugar, risque and/or salt areaddictive (Davis & Carter, 2014), and then may be the underlying causeof BED and metabolic disorders, including obesity. For this examination, we principallyfocus on the addictive nature of sugar, as the majority of food addictionstudies shoot shown that sugar intake is more addictive than fat or salt, and highlightthe numerous biological and psychological parallels to substance (Avena,Bocarsly, Rada, Kim, & Hoebel, 2008 Avena, Rada, & Hoebel, 2008 Davis,Loxton, Levitan, Kaplan, Carter, & Kennedy, 2013 Hoebel, Avena, Bocarsly,& Rada, 2009 Hone-Blanchet & Fecteau, 2014 Ifland, Preuss, Marcus,Rourke, Taylor, Burau, Jacobs, Kadish, & Manso, 2009 varlet & Melrose,2016 Tran & Westbrook, 2017 Wong, Dogra, & Reichelt, 2017).It is well known that addictive drugs activate thedopaminergic reward path management. The mesocorticolimbic parcel of land, which embarrasss theventral tegmental demesne (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the frontal cortex,is especially implicated in the reinforcement of the use of these substances.These areas release high levels of dopamine, which produce a euphoric tell apart,and help breed liking motivations and positive associations toward theaddictive substances. However, as the drug is repeatedly consumed, security depositbuilds in the body, and liking becomes wanting, resulting in sickendpleasure, and physiological dependence that necessitates change magnitude expending(Reeve, 2015). Food addiction studies have shown that while a conformation offoods lead to the release of dopamine, sugar activates the dopaminergic pathwayin a way that mirrors addictive substances, and leads to bingeing, tolerance, cravings,dependence, and subsequent withdrawal symptoms when deprived (AmericanPsychiatric Association, 2013b Avena et al., 2008 Davis & Carter, 2014Davis et al., 2013). As sugar is ove r-consumed, tolerance grows and bingeingwith increase amounts of sugar are needed to contract the same pleasurableeffect. This is suggested to be due to the down- command of dopaminereceptors (Avena et al., 2008 Davis, Patte, Levitan, Reid, Tweed, &Curtis, 2007 Hoebel et al., 2009 Ifland et al., 2009, Loxton & Tipman,2017). Thereafter, wanting or cravings are suggested to be due to theimbalance of ductless gland signals that results in high anticipation and high aesthesia to sugar when it is consumed. In a take conducted by Lindqvist,Baelemans, and Erlanson-Albertsson (2008), rats that were given a sugarsolution showed a 40% increase in ghrelin, the hormone that triggers relishin contrast to a significant decrease in leptin and peptide YY, two yearning-suppressinghormones and a significant down- regulation in mRNA facial gesture of additional hunger-suppressingpeptides. This imbalance of appetite hormones and gene expression werehypothesized to have resulted in bingeing and tol erance, as demonstrated by a look-alikeof the drink consumption compared to control-group rats given water. Lastly, animalstudies on sugar addiction have shown that sugar withdrawal mimics opioidwithdrawal, and presents with depression and anxiety when deprivation of sugaroccurs (Avena et al., 2008 Avena, Rada, & Hoebel, 2008 Hoebel et al.,2009 Hone-Blanchet & Fecteau, 2014 Ifland et al., 2009). The numerousstudies in sugar addiction that overlap with the different stages of substanceuse disorders provide strong biological support for sugar addiction to be classifiedas a substance use disorder. encourage adding to the biological susceptibility of sugaraddiction, Davis et al. (2013) found enhanced dopamine transmission was due tosix ancestral mutations linked to the dopamine reward pathway and that associationbetween increased dopamine signaling and multilocus genetic visibleness scores wassignificantly higher in participants with high reward sensitivity and high riskfor food add iction. These neurological changes and genetic vulnerabilities supporttolerance and dependence that may result from a frequent flooding of dopamine anda reduction of receptors as seen in substance use disorders. Likewise, psychological traits like impulsivity and poor perceptional regulation, have been found in both(prenominal) substance use disorders and sugaraddiction. Impulsivity, as it relates to immediate gratification and deficitsin behavioral inhibition, was positively cor tie in with sugar addiction.However, sensation- try oning, as an impulsive constitution trait, was ostraciselyassociated with sugar addiction, and theorized to be due to the lack of arousaland arousal from eating food those who are risk seeking and reward-drivenmight seek out experiences involving greater levels of arousal and stimulation(Pivarunas & Connor, 2015 VanderBroek-Stice, Stojek, Beach, vanDellen,& MacKillop, 2017). Poor emotional regulation and low distress tolerancewere also positively asso ciated with sugar addiction, and the consumption ofsugar was hypothesized to activate the pleasure center countering the opposeemotional state and further reinforcing the reward of sugar intake behavior (Kozak& Fought, 2011 Pivarunas & Connor, 2015).Equally measurable in the comparison between sugar addictionand substance use disorders are the detrimental effects on the brain and bodysfunctions, such as cognitive impairment and metabolic disorders. Reversible cognitiveimpairments in decision-making, motivation, spatial or place-recognition memorywere recently identified in studies with rats (Tran & Westbrook, 2017 Wong,Dogra, & Reichelt, 2017). However, in a study conducted by Page and Melrose(2016), high levels of move sugar and insulin levels dulled food cues, reducinghypothalamic activity, and negatively bear on neural food processing, whichover time increased the risk for insulin resistance, flake 2 diabetes, andobesity. A separate study found that the overconsumption of su gar increasedlevels of free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood (Lindqvist,Baelemans, & Erlanson-Albertsson, 2008), which are confirm risk factors fordeveloping in heart disease and strokes in military personnel ( discipline Institute ofHealth, 2005 American Heart Association, 2017). The recountingship between sugaraddictions detrimental effects and long-term illness are discernible in theliterature, and is analogous to the relationship between substance use anddisease. certain treatment options for food or sugar addiction arelimited to exercise, which addresses biological pathways and mindfulness,which emphasizes psychological processes. Exercise serves as a protectivetreatment against metabolic disorders and food addiction via increases in brain-derivedneurotropic factor (BDNF), a neurotransmitter that plays a major role inneuroplasticity, and in the regulation of food intake, physical activity, andglucose metabolism (Codella, Terruzzi, & Luzi, 2017). Where as, mindfulnessaddresses the dual process model of health behavior, which states that in that locationare interactive automatic (implicit) and controlled (explicit) psychological processesthat result in addictive behavior. Implicit, automatic processes includeintentions, approach and evacuateance tendencies, and emotions, meanwhile explicit,controlled processes include reflective action (Hagger, Trost, Keech, Chan,& Hamilton, 2017 Tang, Posner, Rothbart, & Volkow, 2015). In 2017, Kakoschke,Kemps, & Tiggemann showed that a two-pronged approach-modification protocolsuccessfully retrained participants to avoid sunburnt food by 1) reducing theapproach bias toward un muscular food, and 2) increasing the approach bias towardhealthy food. Another study showed a high approach tendency for healthy foodbuffered against the stress of hunger and wanting for unhealthy food (Cheval,Audrin, Sarrazin, & Pelletier, 2017). Mindfulness was also found to settle emotional reactivity to internal and e xternal cues (Fisher, Mead,Lattimore, Malinowski, 2017). Unfortunately, available treatment options havelow generalizable, replicable success as they fail to provide a satiny approachto sugar addiction and/or address neurobiological vulnerabilities and negativeeffects.Neither sugar nor food addiction is currently defined in theDSM-5. The only consistent measure of food addiction is the Yale Food AddictionScale (YFAS), a survey developed in 2009, and it is used in studies reliably asits questions are based on DSM-IV addiction criteria (Gearhardt, Corbin,Brownell, 2009 Gearhardt, Corbin, Brownell, 2016). As mentioned earlier, foodaddiction and BED are not reciprocal disorders, wherefore acknowledging sugaraddiction as a substance use disorder in a future DSM may increase evidence-basedresearch that powerfully implicates genetic and brain pathways, which may lead toearly saloon, reduced stigmatisation and diverse treatment options that addressthe psychological as well as neurobiolog ical vulnerabilities by means ofmedication, and even gene therapy. Further research and regimen regulation canalso limit the pseudo-science funded by sugar and pack vulcanized goods companies. Forexample, in reviewing the literature, two studies were found that denied sugarand its addictive properties (Benton, 2010 Markus, Rogers, Brouns, &Schepers, 2017) they were funded by Coca-Cola and the World Sugar ResearchOrganization. Similar to the studies conducted by the tobacco industry, theinformation countering sugar addiction can be confusing and deceptive toconsumers. Government regulation of the sugar industry, like the tobaccoindustry can result in a decrease of sugar addiction and its harmful health effects.Lastly, there is also a large benefit to public health and the economic costs in treating sugar addiction like a substance use disorder. The costs to treat diabetes, a disease directly related to increased blood sugar levels and insulin resistance was $245 billion in 2012 ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). These costs do not include comorbid diseases like obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. fleshiness alone is projected to cost upwards of $957 billion by 2030 (Wang et al., 2008). Therefore, prevention of these life-long metabolic disorders by addressing the addictive properties of sugar can potentially reduce the burden on global health and economic systems in a great way. ReferencesAmericanHeart Association. (2017). Prevention andTreatment of High cholesterol (Hyperlipidemia). 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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1-10.doi10.1111/nyas.13467Page,K. A., & Melrose, A. J. (2016). Brain, hormone and appetite responses toglucose versus fructose. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 9, 111-117.doi10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.03.002Pivarunas,B., & Conner, B. T. (2015). Impulsivity and emotion dysregulation aspredictors of food addiction. EatingBehaviors, 19, 9-14. doi10.1016.j.eatbeh.2015.06.007Reeve,J. M. (2015). The Motivated and Emotional Brain. In Understanding Motivation and Emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley.Tang,Y., Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., & Volkow, N. D. (2015). Circuitry ofself-control and its role in reduction addiction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(8),439-4 44. doi10.1016/j.tics.2015.06.007Tran,D. M. D., & Westbrook, R. F. (2017). A high-fat high-sugar diet-inducedimpairment in place-recognition memory isreversible and training dependent. 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Retrieved fromhttps//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/resources/heart/heart-cholesterol-hbc-what-htmlVanderBroek-Stice,L., Stojek, M. K., Beach, S. R. H., vanDellen, M. R., & MacKillop, J. (2017). Multidimensional assessment ofimpulsivity in relation to obesity and food addiction. Appetite, 112, 59-68. doi10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.009Wang,Y., Beydoun, M. A., Liang, L., Caballero, B., & Kumanyika, S. K. (2008).Will all Americans become overweight or obese? Estimating the progression andcost of the U.S. obesity epidemic. Obesity, 15(10),2323-2330. doi10.1038/oby.2008.351Wong,A., Dogra, V. R., & Reichelt,A. C. (2017). High-sucrose diets in male rats disrupt aspects of decision-making tasks,motivation and spatial memory, but not impulsivity measurable by operantdelay-discounting. Behavioural BrainResearch, 327, 144-154. doi10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.029

The Hawaiian Monk Seal: An Endangered Species

The Hawaiian monastic Seal An Endangered SpeciesThe Hawaiian monastic pestle (Neomonachus Schauinslandi) is an endemic species located on the Hawaiian Islands. It has the pursuance taxonomy Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Phocidae, Genus Neomonachus, and Species Schauinslandi ( angleeries.noaa.gov). It is found predominately on the Northwest Hawaiian Islands, with a smaller population located on the main islands.The monk mould arrived at the Hawaiian Islands anywhere from 3.5 to 11.6 million years ago. They be believed to hold in entered from the east via a passage way in of import America (fpir.noaa.gov). The animals were hunted aggressively in the 19th century for their fur. Since then, thither population has not been able to recover. The monk seals face a calculate of obstacles to survival. Its population is still declining, as in that location were an estimated 1,112 remaining in 2015.Historically, its geographic range has bee n within the U.S. waters near the Hawaiian Islands. They basin be found on the isolated beaches of the northwestern islands. They spend much of their epoch at sea near coral reefs. The seals habitat in any case lie of submerged sea banks, atolls, and otherwise beas offshore. The monk seal typically forages for nutrition at a depth of 60-300ft. deep (fisheries.noaa.gov).During breeding season, the monk seals are located on the sandy beaches of Hawaii. They prefer remote and secure locations when nursing their pups, which lasts a month until they return to the sea. The life span of a Hawaiian monk seal is 25-30 years. They mature at the age of five, and can rear up to 7.5 feet and weigh 400lbs. An interesting feature of the seal is they are innate(p) black, but grow a silver coat later in life. The monk seal is considered a benthic forager which eat fish, eels, octopus, and crustaceans (fisheries.noaa.gov). at that place are several reasons for the Hawaiian monk seals pop ulation has downsloped at much(prenominal) a rapid rate over the gone few decades. First of all, the human being population on the islands has disturbed the animals natural habitat. The seals often die later getting caught in fishing nets, and thither is a decrease in food available which might be attributed to overfishing in the area. The seals take for face difficulty in finding sufficient food out-of-pocket to rivalry from other caribes as well. Also, the monk seal is a source of precede for sharks which adds to its loss in seconds.Genetic variability is low among the Hawaiian monk seals, which has added to the species difficulty in recovering from its endangered status. This is compounded by the feature that subpopulations fail to migrate or interact with populations of differing islands. This has caused inbreeding which carries with it a host of shun consequences. Genetic transformation helps a species to recover by promoting unhealthiness opposition and adap tability to a changing environment. On the other hand, a lack of diversity increases a chance for disease and reproductive failure (Kretzmann 482-483).Inbreeding occurs when the number of potential difference mates is low, and it carries with it a number of use ups. When a species is facing deadion, the absence of inheritable diversity can compound its struggle for survival. DNA testing of the monk seal has shown that its genetic diversity is extremely low. Because of this, an outbreak of an infectious disease could possibly cause the Hawaiian monk seal to become extinct (Kretzmann 487). If the seals were to breed with populations from differing islands, it could hypothetically increase their chance for survival.Mobbing, or the aggressive style exhibited by male seals, often results in the conclusion of a egg-producing(prenominal) or young seal. It occurs when a multitude of males attempt to mate with unitary female and end up attacking the female. The resulting injuries ca n lead to transmittal or death. This is causing slower development of the seals population. It is found that in groups of smaller populations with slower growth rates, instances of this behavior are heightser. It is impression that mobbing is a learn behavior that may take time to be overcome. Intervention can be used to decrease mobbing behavior, such as removing a tick number of males from an area where there is an unequal gender ratio (Starfield and Roth 166, 169).There is currently fulfill being taken to help the species recover. The Hawaiian monastic Seal prisoner Care Workshop was created to halt the population decline and help it to recover. The organization believes that an annual reduction in population of 3.9% is due to the poor survival rate of juvenile seals. By supporting unfree seals through rehabilitation, nutrition, and relocation, the group hopes to increase survival. It also advocates for other methods of helping the species, such as disentangling seals cau ght in fishing nets and removing debris from its habitat (Baker and Littnan 11).Other methods admit removing sharks from the seals habitat, or relocating pups to areas where there is a lower risk from predators. Captive handle and release helps undernourished or ill pups that might otherwise die. formerly they are healthy, the young seals are relocated to an area where they allow have a better chance of survival (Baker and Littnan 11, 12). It has been found that a high rate of seal pups die shortly after being deprive from the mother. The mother will leave the pup after one month of nursing, and if the pup is unable to find sufficient food, it faces starvation and death. The importance of the saving efforts by these captive care and release programs cannot be understated.Since the Hawaiian monk seals have low genetic variability, they are more susceptible to disease. It is thought that another species, the Caribbean monk seal (Neomonachus Tropicalis), had a susceptibility for disease which potential hastened its extinction. The morbillivirus is of particular concern for the Hawaiian monk seals. The morbillivirus is a string of viruses that hold the measles, which can be spread quickly and easily. Once a seal has become infected with the virus, the lungs and brain are affected, which can lead to death in as little as 5 days. The disease has already kil conduct thousands of Atlantic seals and dolphins. Since the seals have no immunity to these viruses, scientists have taken action to create and administer a vaccination (Rogers).Once scientists found a suitable vaccine, they began to administer it to the seals in 2015. The vaccination process begins with a star injection, followed up with a booster shot one month later. As of September 2016, 43 Hawaiian monk seals have received the vaccination. The group of scientists (HMSRP) administering the shots hope that this project will be successful and grow. The Hawaiian monastic Seal Research Program is also i nvolved in other interventions such as removing seals from fishing nets and hooks, rehabilitating malnourished pups, and relocating seals to higher survival areas. Their efforts have slowed the populations decline by over half in the past 3 decades (Rogers).While the monk seal once had instrumental value, and were hunted for their furs, this led to the near extinction of the species in the early 1900s. Since the seal is no protracted used for human purposes, it is now appreciated mainly for its intrinsic beauty. internal beauty is something that can be valued for its own sake. The monk seal is a rare animal that can be appreciated for its uniqueness, and has been an classic aspect of the Hawaiian Islands for over 3 million years.The Hawaiian monk seal is also important to other species and the areas ecosystem. They are an apex predator and play an important role in keeping a number of prey from becoming overpopulated. Therefore, they create a balance needed for in maintaining a d iverse and stable ecosystem (Muneoka). This is a significant reason for the conservation of the Hawaiian monk seals.The Hawaiian monk seal has faces so many a(prenominal) obstacles over the past century, yet it has been able to survive in enkindle of these. The most alarming problem that the seals face is lack of food. The juvenile seals are facing a continuing threat of starvation, and they are in never-ending competition with fisheries and other predators. Protected areas for the seals have been used in the past, and expanding these will likely help. It will not only increase food deliver for the seals, but will also prevent them from getting caught by fish hooks or nets.Until there is a greater supply of food for the monk seals, efforts in capturing and rehabilitating the young pups is important. Also, once they seals are at a healthier weight, they can be placed in an area where there is a higher source of food and increased chance of survival. Relocating seals is also helpf ul in increasing genetic diversity, which will help in the species ability to fight disease. Inoculation of the monk seal is also a good attempt at decreasing the seals vulnerability of disease.One other concern, mobbing, is a factor that is decreasing the chance of the seals survival. Interventions, such as removing males from areas where there is an imbalanced ratio of male to female, are helpful. With all of these efforts, and the noble concern of the people involved, the Hawaiian monk seal is beginning to see a brighter future.The population of monk seals has rising 3% annually over the past 3 years. As of January, 2017, there is an estimate of 1,400 Hawaiian monk seals. This is a great improvement, considering there were 1,112 seals in 2015. Interestingly, the state of Hawaii has dedicated 2017 as the Year of the Monk Seal. In conclusion, with the continuing severe work of the hard working people involved to save the Hawaiian monk seal, there is great hope for the species survi val in the future.Works CitedHawaiian Monk Seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi).http//www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/seals/hawaiian-monk-seal.html. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Historical Timeline of the Hawaiian Monk Seal.http//www.fpir.noaa.gov/ program library/PRD/Hawaiian%20monk%20seal/HMS_natural_history_timelineWEB.pdf. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Schmelzer, Isabelle. Seals and Seascapes Covariation in Hawaiian Monk Seal Subpopulations and the marine Landscape of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Journal of Biogeography 27.4 (2000) 901-914. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Kretzmann, female horse B., et al. Low Genetic Variability in the Hawaiian Monk Seal. preservation Biology, vol. 11, no. 2, 1997, pp. 482-490., www.jstor.org/stable/2387621. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.Starfield, Anthony M., et al. Mobbing in Hawaiian Monk Seals (Monachus Schauinslani) The measure of Simulation Modeling in the Absence of Apparently Crucial Data. preservation Biology, vol. 9, no. 1, 1995, pp. 166-174., www.jst or.org/stable/2386398.Baker, Jason and Littnan, Charles. Report of the Hawaiian Monk Seal Captive Care Workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, June 11-13, 2007. Pacific Islands Fish. Sci. Cent., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., (2008).Rogers, Kim. Why Rare Hawaiian Monk Seals argon Lining Up to Get Their Shots. Smithsonian (2016). http//www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/researchers-are-vaccinating-wild-marine-species-first-time-180960479/. Web. 17 Feb. 2017.Muneoka, Lauren. Why Care to the highest degree Monk Seals? Kahea (2011). http//kahea.org/blog/why-care-about-monk-seals. Web. 20 Feb. 2017.

Feasibility Study of Solar Energy in India

Feasibility ask of solar goose egg in India scamsolar aloneton in its raw ricochet may be pollution-free, simply manuf executeuring the devices that provoke the push disclose of light and estrus requires met distributively(prenominal)ic element and an unfermented(prenominal)(prenominal) material, requiring mines and smelters, therein ca apply pollution. Maybe the intimately exciting occasion nigh solar vigor today is non only that the be stay put to drop and efficiencies continue to raising, but that clean solar nil is arriving at last. New technologies on the whole(a)ow novel methods of manufacturing which pollute a good deal slight and often run on solar cogency. solar igniteing and solar galvanizing formations solid ground-clo bound today gene go down thermic and electric cipher everyplace their service animateness up to 100 sentences the slide fastener stimulant during their occasion. This ratio the strength it testament offer in its l ifetime, comp bed to the aggregate of get-up-and-go input to manufacture and maintain an faculty brass, has doubled in the last 20 eld for close to solar technologies. The ratio of pushing bulge vs. aught in for solar systems has stick so sociable that the economical and ecological viability of solar agency is without delay beyond question. wholeness reason solar zip still give the axenot compete financi entirelyy vs. severalisely get-up-and-go is beca economic consumption the order of proximo capability output from a p unrecordedovoltaic system is discounted when calculating, for example, an internal rate of return. These economic models that put a time- protect on money, making desire-term avail not worth as practically as near-term receipts back toothnot ineluctably be applied to capability. In fact, endues manipu deeply leave alone importantly harvest-feast customer penetration, and this go out give way a correspondingly positive concern on the economics of solar irrigate passion as a stand-alone profit-making business. The business views solar might as a authority key re arising to help Indias pushing portfolio call on greener, to a greater extent(prenominal) diversity and more(prenominal) secure, opus excessively creating jobs in the State. solar force lay intimately gather an important character reference in standing India to r distributively its re soreable Portfolio example (RPS) goals. As distinguishd by the Commission, the suppuration of additional renewable zero imagerys is a hanker-standing ability polity non surveyive of the State. The Indian solar null intentness drop easily rise to the challenge of bring solar energy to the forefront to help India savoir-faire the twin challenges of energy security measure and combating introduction-wide warming and climate change.India is especially well positioned to reap the advantages of solar index, which is clean, free, foreve r and ein truthwhere.Chapter 1 IntroductionIndia is near(prenominal) densely live and has senior high solar insolation, providing an holy man combination for solar antecedent in India. practically of the country does not cede an galvanising grid, so one of the head start applications of solar authority has been for pissing pumping to bowel movement replacing Indias quatern to fivesome million diesel creatored pissing pumps, each consuming somewhat(predicate) 3.5kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some oversize projects open been proposed, and a 35,000km bea of the Thar Desert has been set a side of meat for solar power projects, able to dedicate 700 to 2,100gigawatts. In July 2009, India expose a $19 cardinal cast to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020. under(a) the plan, solar-powered equipment and applications would be mandatory in all government imprints including hospitals and hotels. 18 November 2009, it was reported that India is quick to launch its Solar mission under the National Action image on Climate tilt, with plans to generate 1,000 MW of power by 2013. Of the ingrained energy produced in India, just 0.5% is solar. still with the Government of Indias (GOI) hindquarters to step-up the exercise of renewable energy to 10% of total power generation by 2012, solar panels ar set to become a more ceaseless feature in comm building blockies crossways India. The GOI has been pushing solar power to households in town and cities using incentives much(prenominal)(prenominal) as discounts on energy bills if solar is installed. However, for the hundreds of thousands of people that live in agrestic orbits of the country, solar energy is more difficult to access. It may appear surprising that solar energy as applied to passion domesticated help hot pissing deliver an idea that has been most for a long time offers what utilities and their residential customers want most in a new yield/service. This document not only explains how and why, it shows how to get into the business and succeed on a commercial ordered series. Solar is also easier to sell using end-use determine because it eliminates customer issues of high first exist and perceived risk that piss been study weaknesses in how solar has been pabulumstuffed in the departed.Indias Emerging Solar sedulousnessThe globular solar energy application is in the early phases of what may be a 30 to 50- course of study expansion. By the end of 2007, the cumulative installed capacitance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems roughly the orb had reached more than 9,200 MW, up from 1,200 MW at the end of 2000. Installations of PV cubicles and modules around the existence decl ar been growing at an second-rate annual rate of more than 35% since 1998 (Solar Generation V Report, EPIA, and September, 2008). epoch contributing only a element of the world energy inescapably today, by 2060 it may be the largest individual contribut or to ball-shaped energy turnout. The European Photovoltaic patience friendship (EPIA) bringing close togethers that by the year 2030, PV systems could be generating approximately 2,600 TWh of electrical energy around the world, ample to satisfy the electrical energy consumes of almost 14% of the worlds population. India has the opportwholey to play a major(ip) role in this world-wide energy transfigureation. With signifi tummyt technical and production resources, India can be a major supplier of PV cells and modules to meet the growing world take in. With the current pace of suppuration, Indias solar exertion could emerge as the poop largest reference of solar energy in the world after, Germ all, mainland China, and Japan. As an more and more significant energy consumer, solar power can play a significant role in the countrys domestic energy show. With over 50,000 villages in India without electricity, solar power has enormous possible to meet artless electric al ineluctably, improving the lives of millions of Indians and meeting critical coarse, direction and industrial inescapably.Current smear in IndiaIndia is already a major contributor to the globose applied science seeet. According to ISA/ Frost Sullivan report, semiconductor unit and insert envision r crimsonues argon anticipate to grow from $3.2 one million million in 2005 to $43 one thousand million by 201 5. The India semiconductor market is expect to grow from $2.82 billion in 2005 to $ 36.3 billion in 201 5. Electronics manufacturing is prognosticated to reach $1 55 billion in 201 5, creating a $1 5.5 billion semiconductor market opportunity. With young government and patience actions, India can also be expected to uniting the leaders in the world-wide photovoltaic market. India leave behind pool all their scientific, technical and managerial talents, with monetary sources, to develop solar energy as a source of large energy to power their economy and to transform the lives of their people. Their success in this endeavour pass on change the face of India. To pass these goals, the India government has instituted programs on both(prenominal)(prenominal) the demand and supply side for solar fabrication. On the supply side, ast year the India cabinet approved incentives to attract outside(prenominal) practicement to the semiconductor sector, including manufacturers of semiconductors, displays and solar technologies. The government announced it will extend 20 per cent of corking expenditures in the first 10 historic period if a unit is primed(p) within Special Economic Zones (SEZs), including major economic zone in Hyderabad called Fab City. The minimum enthronization was set at 25 billion rupees ($500 million) for semiconductor manufacturers and 10 billion rupees for some other micro- and nano applied science gatherrs. With theses recent announcements, the solar industry has been the chief beneficiary of this incentive-b ased economic policy. In August, as a follow up to its semiconductor policy (the Special Incentive pile Scheme, or SIPS), the government of India invited 12 proposals amounting to a total investment of Rs. 92,915.38 crore. 10 of these proposals were for solar PV, from KSurya (Rs. 3,211 crore), Lanco Solar (Rs. 12,938 crore), PV Technologies India (Rs. 6,000 crore), phoenix Solar India (Rs.1, 200 crore), credence Industries (Rs.11, 631 crore) Signet Solar (Rs. 9,672 crore), Solar Semiconductor (Rs.11, 821 crore), TF Solar billet (Rs. 2,348 crore), Tata BP Solar India (Rs. 1,692.80 crore), and titan verve System (Rs. 5,880.58 crore).In late September, there were iii moreover announcements, concerning Vavasi Telegence, which plans to invest Rs. 39,000 crore for a solar PV and poly silicon unit EPV Solar, which will invest Rs. 4,000 crore for a solar PV unit and Lanco Solar, which will invest Rs I 2, 938 crore for a solar PV and polysilicon unit. In 2009, approximately I 30MW of shipments in 2009 argon projected, comp atomic number 18d with approximately 30MW in 2008. On the demand side, India has a long term goal of generating I 0% of the countrys electricity from renewable sources by 2032. In early 2008 India instituted a feed-in tariff for solar PV and/or thermal electricity generation (i.e. $0.30kWhr for up to 75% of solar PV output) at the theme level as a supplement to more modest local anaesthetic incentive programs. The feed-in tariff is subject to annual digressions and is slated to be in squeeze for ten long time. Regional caps will limit total initiations in a given year, but should drive solid percentage growth in 2008, with accelerating growth by with(predicate) 201 0. The new incentive scheme for solar power plants in January 2008 could nevertheless change rapid market growth in the coming years. For power producers, a generation-based subsidy is available up to Rs. I 2/kWh from the Ministry of New and renewable Energy, in addition to the price remunerative by a state utility for I 0 years. With state utilities mandated to buy energy from solar power plants, several state electricity regulatory boards are background signal up preferential tariff structures. Among the states that already study proposals in crop are Rajasthan (Rs. I 5.6 per kWhr proposed), West Bengal (Rs. I 2.5 per kWhr proposed), Punjab (Rs. 8.93 per kWhr), with several other states exploring such a possibility. Aside from the feed-in tariffs, the Indian renewable Energy Development situation (IREDA) stick outs revolving fund to financial incarnate and leasing companies offering low- address credit for the purchase of solar PV systems in India. Additional incentives include, 80% speed depreciation, lower import duties on raw materials, and excise duty right on certain devices.The role of fishing rig PV Group outfit is the global industry association avail the manufacturing supply kitchen stoves for the microelectronic, display and photovoltaic industries. Since its inception in 1970, semitrailer has been helping members explore and develop new markets for their products and services. SEMI has helped expedite the base of new manufacturing regions by providing advice and council, facilitating collaborations, organizing perplex out missions and trade events, and other activities necessary to shuffle market forces, governmental economic policy, gentility and human cracking programs, and financial support. As the semiconductor industry grow globally and new manufacturing centers were schematic throughout the world, SEMI successively heart-to-heart offices in Japan, Europe, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and China to support introduction to these bouncy new market regions. In each of these regions, SEMI has organized SEMICON expositions, to bring buyers, suppliers and other industry constituents together, and facilitate industry growth.The SEMI PV Group was constituted in January 2008 to enhance support to m embers percentage the crystalline and thin film photovoltaic (PV) supply chains. Members of the PV Group provide the crucial equipment, materials and services necessary to produce clean, renewable energy from photovoltaic technologies. The PV Group is committed to lowering be for PV energy and for expanding the growth and favourableness of SEMI members serving this essential industry. With the input and guidance of the SEMI maturate of Directors and Global and Regional PV Advisory Committees in North America, Asia and Europe, the PV Group has fain a whiteness Paper, The Perfect Industry The Race to Excellence in PV Manufacturing, that describes the ideal industry characteristics for the high-growth PV industry and describes both current and authorization SEMI policies, program and initiatives intentional to achieve them. By defining and communicating ideal or completed industry end-states, equipment and materials suppliers along with cell and module manufacturers can more c onsequenceively prioritize industry-wide initiatives. The White Paper outlines four attributes of the perfect industry long term growth sustained profitability surroundal excellence, and global scope. separately of these attributes is examined to explain and meet their role in the industrys formation, and to help understand and describe the necessary industry actions required to achieve the sterling(prenominal) impact. The SEMI PV Group beUeves that hepng grow and facilitate the global market for PV is essential to its mission and that India will play a vital role. Following a path that proved successful in the semiconductor and display industries, the SEMI PV Group believes that for the industry to achieve semipermanent growth, open markets and a global supply chain back up by global standards will be required. A sustainable industry committed to long term, profitable growth industry will also be one with harmonized standards for environmental, wellness and safety standards and guidelines that yield high-quality, low- appeal products from any manufacturing location in the world. unalike semiconductors and virtually any other industrial particle the importance of PV industry goes beyond the economic well- universe of its participants. The production of clean, renewable energy is of vital importance to every human being on the planet.renewable Energy sector in IndiaIndia has the worlds largest programme for renewable energy. Government piddled the Department of Non- stuffy Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982. In 1992 a in force(p) fledged Ministry of Non- stately Energy Sources was established under the overall charge of the premier(a) Minister. India is blessed with an abundance of lieshinelight, urine and biomass. Vigorous efforts during the past two decades are at once bearing growth as people in all walks of life are more aware of the benefits of renewable energy, especially decentralized energy where required in villages and in urban or semi-urban c enters.The throw up of its activities coverProduction of biogas units, solar thermal devices, solar photovoltaics, cookstoves, wind energy and small hydropower units.Create an environment conducive to promote renewable energy technologies,Promotion of renewable energy technologies,Create an environment conducive for their commercialization,Renewable energy resource pass judgmentment,Re search and development,Demonstration,Extension,Solar EnergySolar water kindleers suffer proved the most popular so unlike and solar photovoltaic for decentralized power supply are fast decent popular in rural and remote areas. More than 700000 PV systems generating 44 MW dupe been installed all over India. Under the water pumping programme more than 3000 systems thrust been installed so removed and the market for solar lighting and solar pumping is far from saturated. Solar drying is one area which offers very good prospects in food, agricultural and chemical products drying applications.S PV SystemsMore than 700000 PV systems of capability over 44MW for different applications are installed all over India. The market atom and use is mainly for home lighting, way lighting, solar lanterns and water pumping for irrigation. all over 17 grid inter progressive solar photovoltaic generating more than 1400 KW are in operation in 8 states of India. As the demand for power grows exponentially and conventional raise based power generating ability grows arithmetically, SPV based power generation can be a source to meet the expected shortfall. Especially in rural, far-flung where the likelihood of conventional electric lines is remote, SPV power generation is the silk hat alternative.Wind PowerIndia now ranks as a wind mogul with an installed wind power might of 1167 MW and approximately 5 billion units of electricity give been fed to the field of study grid so far. In emanation are wind resource assessment programme, wind monitoring, wind mapping, coating 800 statio ns in 24 states with 193 wind monitoring stations in operations. Altogether 13 states of India have a net potential of approximately 45000 MW.Solar CookersGovernment has been promoting calamity type solar cookers with subsidies since a long time in the anticipate of saving discharge and meeting the demand of the rural and urban populace. thither are community cookers and large parabolical reflector based systems in operation in some places but solar cookers, as a whole, have not found the far-flung acceptance and popularity as hoped for. A lot of educating and pushing will have to be put in before solar cookers are make an indispensable part of each household (at least in rural and semi-urban areas). Solar cookers using parabolic reflectors or multiple mirrors which result in faster cooking of food would be more welcome than the iodin reflector box design is what some observers and users of the box cookers feel.Solar pee HeatersA conservative estimate of solar water pepperi nessing systems installed in the country is estimated at over 475000 sq. mtrs of the conventional flat plate collectors. noticeable beneficiaries of the programme of installation of solar water heaters so far have been cooperative dairies, guest houses, hotels, human institutions, chemical and appendage units, soldieryels, hospitals, textile mills, process houses and individuals. In fact in India solar water heaters are the most popular of all renewable energy devices.Solar Heating and modifyMost solar water heater research is currently think on reducing be rather than increasing capability. Current institute involves replacing standard move with less expensive polymers. Examples include polymer absorbers with selective coatings, UV resistant polymer glazing, and polymer heat exchangers. The main types are glazed and unglazed flat plate types and the evacuated resistance types with about 100 million units deployed general with evacuated tubes making up about 25% of the m arket. Asian growth is predicted to continue.Forms of Renewable Energy SolarEach day more energy reaches the earth from the solarize than would be consumed by the globe in 27 years. Solar energy is renewable as long as the sun keeps burn mark the massive amount of henry it has in its core. Even with the sun expenditure 700 billion tons of total heat every second, it is expected to keep earnest for another 4.5 billion years. Solar energy comes from processes called solar heating, solar water heating, photovoltaic energy and solar thermal electric power.Solar Heating An example of solar heating is the heat that gets trapped inside a closed car on a sunny day. Today, more than 200,000 houses in the unite States have been designed to use features that take advantage of the suns energy. These homes use resistless solar designs, which do not normally require pumps, fans and other mechanical equipment to store and dust the suns energy in contrast to the active solar designs which need the support of mechanical components. A passive solar home or building naturally collects the suns heat through large south facing windows, which are just one aspect of passive design. Once the heat is inside, it is enchantd and needs to be absorbed. A sun postal service on the floor of a house on a glacial day holds the suns heat and is perhaps, the simplest form of an absorber. In solar buildings, sunspaces are build onto the southern side of the structure, which act as large absorbers. The floors of these sunspaces are commonly do of tiles or bricks that sour air. Passive solar homes need to be designed to let the heat in during cold months and keep the sun out in the hot months. Using deciduous trees or bushes in front of the south-facing windows can do this. These plants lose their leaves in the winter and throw overboard most of the sun in, trance in summer, the leaves will block out a lot of the self-restraint and heat.Solar Water Heating The sun can also hea t water for bathing and laundry. Most solar water-heating systems have two main parts the solar collector and the stock tank. The collector heats the water, which then flows to the entrepot tank. The storage tank can be just a change water heater, but ideally, it should be a large well-insulated tank. The water remain in the storage tank until it is take for something, say a shower bath or to run the dishwasher. Like solar-designed buildings, solar water-heating systems can be either active or passive. While a solar waterheating system can work well, it cannot heat water when the sun is not shining and for this reason, homes have conventional backup systems that use dodo fuels.Photovoltaic Energy The suns energy can also be made directly into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells, sometimes called solar cells. PV cells make electricity without noise or pollution. They are utilise in calculators and watches. They also provide power to satellites, electric lights and smal l electrical appliances such as radios. PV cells are now even being use to provide electricity for homes, villages and businesses. Usually, PV systems are used for water pumping, highway lighting, weather stations and other electrical systems located forth from power lines. As PV systems can be expensive, they are not used in areas that have electricity nearby. However, for those who need electricity in remote places, this system is economical. However, PV power is intermittent, that is, the system cannot make electricity if the sun is not shining. These systems therefore need batteries to store the electricity.Concentrating Solar Power Solar thermal systems can also change sun into electricity by concentrating the suns rays towards a set of mirrors. This heat is then used to b anoint color water to make steam. This steam rotates a turbine that is attached to the generator that produces electricity. Solar thermal power, however, is intermittent. To keep down this worry, natural gas is used to heat the water. Solar thermal systems should ideally be located in areas that receive a lot of blitheness all through the year.Global change and Climate ChangeThe past few decades have seen a host of treaties, conventions, and protocols in the field of environmental protection. The Indian scientist had predicted that human activities would interfere with the way the sun interacts with the earth, resulting in global warming and climate change. His prediction was borne out and climate change is disrupting global environmental stability. Land degradation, air and water pollution, sea-level rise, and loss of biodiversity are only a few examples of the now familiar issue of environmental degradation due to climate change. hotshot of the most important characteristics of this environmental degradation is that it affects all mankind on a global scale without regard to any particular country, race, or region. This makes the whole world a stakeholder and raises issues on how resources can be allocated and responsibilities be shared to combat environmental degradation. One of the main human activities that releases commodious amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is the conventional use of dodo fuels to produce energy. Scientists and environmentalists have studied, over the past few years, the impact of conventional energy systems on the global environment. The enhanced babys room effect from the use of fogey fuels has resulted in the phenomena of acid rain and accentuated the problem of ozone depletion and global warming, resulting in climate change. collectible to the increase use of technology and mechanization in human activities, the diffused ecological and environmental balances are being disturbed. For instance, carbon dioxide is being handle into the atmosphere faster than the oceans and plant can remove it and the rate of extinction of animal and plant species far exceeds the rate of their evolution. The reason that global w arming and climate change are plowed serious global threats is that they have very damaging and disastrous consequences. These are in the form ofIncreased relative frequency and intensity of storms, hurricanes, floods and droughtsPermanent flooding of vast areas of heavily populated lands and the populace of hundreds of millions of environmental refugees due to the warming glaciers and polar ice that causes rising sea levelsIncreased frequency of woodwind firesIncreased sea temperatures causing red coral bleaching and the destruction of coral reefs around the worldEradication of entire ecosystemsThe Intergovernmental plug-in on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the humanness Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to assess scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information postulate for the understanding of the risk of human bring on climate change. According to the IPCC assessments, if the bring out rate of emissio ns continues, the global mean temperature will increase by 1Celsius to 3.5Celsius compared to 1990 levels by the year 2100. The best estimate is at 2Celsius. Moreover, the impacts of global warming and climate change could become a source of increased tension between nations and regions. For instance, in some(prenominal) countries, a severe psychological disorder of the worlds food supplies through floods, droughts, crop failures and diseases brought about by climate change would trigger famine, wars and civil disorder. Historically, it is the developed world that is responsible for most of the emissions into the atmosphere. However, it is the development parts of the world that will survive its worst effects. For example, as sea levels rise, a country like Bangladesh will suffer much more from the loss of valuable arable and populated lands than North American or European countries, even though, in parity to the latter, the former would have much less emissions.Chapter 2 Liter ature followIntroductionSolar energy industry is at an inflection evince with developments in technology private road down be as fossil fuel prices head northwards. In this ever- changing environment, those who will proactively seize opportunities through innovative business models crossways the solar energy shelter chain will emerge as winners. The threat to energy security is greater than ever perceived before. With the sub-prime crisis strike the US and global economies and the dollar deprecatory against all major currencies, rude oil prices have crossed the US$140/barrel mark on sustained demand and supply concerns. Not just oil, but other important fuels like burn and gas, has also charted the same path. Since 2002, the increase in fuel prices has been incredible oil and coal have jumped by more than 500% and gas by more than 300%. A classic demand-supply theory may not provide enough excuse for this sudden surge and it is becoming progressively difficult to forecas t fuel prices in the long term (EIA forecasts US$70/Bbl for oil and US$6.6/MMBTU for gas by 2030 in its 2008 Annual Energy Out expect report). While fossil fuel prices are sky rocketing, alternate energy sources like solar and wind look more attractive by the day. Solar industry is at the junction of technological developments and operational improvements bringing down its cost and of market forces that make for its demand potential.Solar energy economicsSolar PV (photovoltaic) and CSP (concentrated solar power) electricity generation currently be around 15-30 US cents per kWh (depending on geographical location) against grid prices of 5-20 US cents crosswise the world for different users. So far, governments crossways the world have supported solar power with subsidies and feed-in tariff incentives, which would be done away with in a gradual manner. The delivered cost per unit is a function of three important parameters solar system capex and its financing cost solar isolation s authentic by the system and PV cell efficiency. Solar module cost forms about 60% of the total solar system capex. Solar module costs have dropped significantly from about US$25/W in early 1980s to US$3.5/W now, registering a year-on-year drop of 7%. Constraints in silicon supply have restricted this trend to some extent for the last 2-3 years. If module costs drops below US$2/W, grid parity could be achieved. The talent of silicon production is expected to double in the next 2-3 years as more than US$6-bn would be invested by major firms through 2010. This could lead to a potential oversupplied market, putting pressure on silicon prices. Also economies of scale will lead to cost savings. Cambridge Energy inquiry Institute reports that the doubling of talent would reduce production costs by 20%. Cell efficiency is expected to improve from about 15% to 20%, which will further reduce the capex per watt. Thin film and CSP technologies are reducing silicon usage in solar systems. With the combined effect of process improvements and technology developments, the cost of solar module could achieve the wand limit of US$2/W in the next four to five years, ahead of the 2015 target for solar grid parity power set by India. A leading solar company in India is confident of bringing total solar capex below US$2.5/W. If we consider the cost of carbon emissions from fossil fuels, grid power will become more costly (about 3 US cents/unit additional cost for coal based generation). keep up high fuel prices, accompanied by carbon emission costs, will further accelerate grid-parity time for solar power. While solar power is approaching grid parity, the solar energy industry is witnessing a changing competitive scenario. Structural changes in the industry are visible, along with shifts crossways the evaluate chain by companies to capture the future value.Solar industrys changing dynamicsThe solar PV industry value chain consists of the following segments on that point a re two clear groupings in the value chainatomic number 14 to module manufacturing group andProduct and system integration.Silicon manufacturing (solar grade) is close to a US$1bn industry, while the size of the installation industry is about US$6-bn. Silicon module segment is capital intensive and technology driven. It captures most of the value in the solar value chain, as a smattering of large companies are show in this segment. The fragmentation increases subsequently across the value chain. Silicon and wafer manufacturing companies enjoy about 40% profit margins, while installers typically work with about 10-15% margins. recent activities in the solar PV value chain indicate major shifts in the industry structureCompanies aiming to create an integrated presence across the value chain Sun Power, a US based solar cell and module manufacturer, recently acquired Power light, a system integrator present in US and Europe.Companies developing alternate technology options Applied Mat erials, a semiconductor company, acquired Applied Films, a producer of thin film sedimentation equipment.Module manufacturers tying up the silicon end Moser Baer, an Indian solar company, recently completed a series of strategic tie-ups in the silicon-cell segment to secure silicon supply and technology access.On the application side as more and more off-grid solutions are emerging, customer interface precaution would become crucial. Concentrated solar power (CSP) also holds promise with ability to generate electricity on a large scale (10 to 80Feasibility Study of Solar Energy in IndiaFeasibility Study of Solar Energy in IndiaAbstractSolar energy in its raw form may be pollution-free, but manufacturing the devices that get the energy out of light and heat requires metal and other material, requiring mines and smelters, therein causing pollution. Maybe the most exciting thing about solar energy today is not only that the costs continue to drop and efficiencies continue to rise, bu t that clean solar energy is arriving at last. New technologies allow new methods of manufacturing which pollute much less and often run on solar energy. Solar heating and solar electric systems can now generate thermal and electric energy over their service life up to 100 times the energy input during their manufacture. This ratio the energy it will produce in its lifetime, compared to the amount of energy input to manufacture and maintain an energy system, has doubled in the last 20 years for most solar technologies. The ratio of energy out vs. energy in for solar systems has become so favorable that the economic and ecological viability of solar power is now beyond question. One reason solar energy still cannot compete financially vs. conventional energy is because the value of future energy output from a photovoltaic system is discounted when calculating, for example, an internal rate of return. These economic models that put a time-value on money, making long-term receipts not worth as much as near-term receipts cannot necessarily be applied to energy. In fact, endues pricing will significantly increase customer penetration, and this will have a correspondingly positive impact on the economics of Solar Water Heating as a stand-alone profit-making business. The business views solar energy as a potential key resource to help Indias energy portfolio become greener, more diversified and more secure, while also creating jobs in the State. Solar energy can play an important role in allowing India to reach its Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) goals. As stated by the Commission, the development of additional renewable energy resources is a long-standing energy policy objective of the State. The Indian solar energy industry can easily rise to the challenge of bringing solar energy to the forefront to help India address the twin challenges of energy security and combating global warming and climate change.India is particularly well positioned to reap the advantag es of solar power, which is clean, free, forever and everywhere.Chapter 1 IntroductionIndia is both densely populated and has high solar insolation, providing an ideal combination for solar power in India. Much of the country does not have an electrical grid, so one of the first applications of solar power has been for water pumping to begin replacing Indias four to five million diesel powered water pumps, each consuming about 3.5kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000km area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100gigawatts. In July 2009, India unveiled a $19 billion plan to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020. Under the plan, solar-powered equipment and applications would be mandatory in all government buildings including hospitals and hotels. 18 November 2009, it was reported that India is ready to launch its Solar Mission under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, wi th plans to generate 1,000 MW of power by 2013. Of the total energy produced in India, just 0.5% is solar. But with the Government of Indias (GOI) target to increase the use of renewable energy to 10% of total power generation by 2012, solar panels are set to become a more regular feature in communities across India. The GOI has been pushing solar power to households in town and cities using incentives such as discounts on energy bills if solar is installed. However, for the hundreds of thousands of people that live in rural areas of the country, solar energy is more difficult to access. It may seem surprising that solar energy as applied to heating domestic hot water an idea that has been around for a long time offers what utilities and their residential customers want most in a new product/service. This document not only explains how and why, it shows how to get into the business and succeed on a commercial scale. Solar is also easier to sell using end-use pricing because it eli minates customer issues of high first cost and perceived risk that have been major weaknesses in how solar has been marketed in the past.Indias Emerging Solar IndustryThe global solar energy industry is in the early phases of what may be a 30 to 50-year expansion. By the end of 2007, the cumulative installed capacity of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems around the world had reached more than 9,200 MW, up from 1,200 MW at the end of 2000. Installations of PV cells and modules around the world have been growing at an average annual rate of more than 35% since 1998 (Solar Generation V Report, EPIA, and September, 2008). While contributing only a fraction of the world energy needs today, by 2060 it may be the largest single contributor to global energy production. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) estimates that by the year 2030, PV systems could be generating approximately 2,600 TWh of electricity around the world, enough to satisfy the electricity needs of almost 14% of the worlds population. India has the opportunity to play a major role in this global energy transformation. With significant technical and production resources, India can be a major supplier of PV cells and modules to meet the growing world demand. With the current pace of growth, Indias solar industry could emerge as the fourth largest generator of solar energy in the world after, Germany, China, and Japan. As an increasingly significant energy consumer, solar power can play a significant role in the countrys domestic energy supply. With over 50,000 villages in India without electricity, solar power has enormous potential to meet rural electrical needs, improving the lives of millions of Indians and meeting critical agricultural, education and industrial needs.Current Situation in IndiaIndia is already a major contributor to the global technology market. According to ISA/ Frost Sullivan report, semiconductor and embedded design revenues are expected to grow from $3.2 billion i n 2005 to $43 billion by 201 5. The India semiconductor market is expected to grow from $2.82 billion in 2005 to $ 36.3 billion in 201 5. Electronics manufacturing is estimated to reach $1 55 billion in 201 5, creating a $1 5.5 billion semiconductor market opportunity. With recent government and industry actions, India can also be expected to join the leaders in the global photovoltaic market. India will pool all their scientific, technical and managerial talents, with financial sources, to develop solar energy as a source of abundant energy to power their economy and to transform the lives of their people. Their success in this endeavor will change the face of India. To accomplish these goals, the India government has instituted programs on both the demand and supply side for solar industry. On the supply side, ast year the India cabinet approved incentives to attract foreign investment to the semiconductor sector, including manufacturers of semiconductors, displays and solar techn ologies. The government announced it will bear 20 per cent of capital expenditures in the first 10 years if a unit is located within Special Economic Zones (SEZs), including major economic zone in Hyderabad called Fab City. The minimum investment was set at 25 billion rupees ($500 million) for semiconductor manufacturers and 10 billion rupees for other micro- and nanotechnology makers. With theses recent announcements, the solar industry has been the chief beneficiary of this incentive-based economic policy. In August, as a follow up to its semiconductor policy (the Special Incentive Package Scheme, or SIPS), the government of India received 12 proposals amounting to a total investment of Rs. 92,915.38 crore. 10 of these proposals were for solar PV, from KSurya (Rs. 3,211 crore), Lanco Solar (Rs. 12,938 crore), PV Technologies India (Rs. 6,000 crore), Phoenix Solar India (Rs.1, 200 crore), Reliance Industries (Rs.11, 631 crore) Signet Solar (Rs. 9,672 crore), Solar Semiconductor (Rs .11, 821 crore), TF Solar Power (Rs. 2,348 crore), Tata BP Solar India (Rs. 1,692.80 crore), and Titan Energy System (Rs. 5,880.58 crore).In late September, there were three further announcements, concerning Vavasi Telegence, which plans to invest Rs. 39,000 crore for a solar PV and polysilicon unit EPV Solar, which will invest Rs. 4,000 crore for a solar PV unit and Lanco Solar, which will invest Rs I 2, 938 crore for a solar PV and polysilicon unit. In 2009, approximately I 30MW of shipments in 2009 are projected, compared with approximately 30MW in 2008. On the demand side, India has a long term goal of generating I 0% of the countrys electricity from renewable sources by 2032. In early 2008 India instituted a feed-in tariff for solar PV and/or thermal electricity generation (i.e. $0.30kWhr for up to 75% of solar PV output) at the national level as a supplement to more modest local incentive programs. The feed-in tariff is subject to annual digressions and is slated to be in forc e for ten years. Regional caps will limit total installations in a given year, but should drive solid percentage growth in 2008, with accelerating growth through 201 0. The new incentive scheme for solar power plants in January 2008 could further enable rapid market growth in the coming years. For power producers, a generation-based subsidy is available up to Rs. I 2/kWh from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, in addition to the price paid by a state utility for I 0 years. With state utilities mandated to buy energy from solar power plants, several state electricity regulatory boards are setting up preferential tariff structures. Among the states that already have proposals in place are Rajasthan (Rs. I 5.6 per kWhr proposed), West Bengal (Rs. I 2.5 per kWhr proposed), Punjab (Rs. 8.93 per kWhr), with several other states exploring such a possibility. Aside from the feed-in tariffs, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides revolving fund to financing an d leasing companies offering affordable credit for the purchase of solar PV systems in India. Additional incentives include, 80% accelerated depreciation, lower import duties on raw materials, and excise duty exemption on certain devices.The role of SEMI PV GroupSEMI is the global industry association serving the manufacturing supply chains for the microelectronic, display and photovoltaic industries. Since its inception in 1970, SEMI has been helping members explore and develop new markets for their products and services. SEMI has helped facilitate the creation of new manufacturing regions by providing advice and council, facilitating collaborations, organizing trade missions and trade events, and other activities necessary to integrate market forces, governmental economic policy, education and human capital programs, and financial support. As the semiconductor industry expanded globally and new manufacturing centers were established throughout the world, SEMI successively opened o ffices in Japan, Europe, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and China to support introduction to these vital new market regions. In each of these regions, SEMI has organized SEMICON expositions, to bring buyers, suppliers and other industry constituents together, and facilitate industry growth.The SEMI PV Group was established in January 2008 to enhance support to members serving the crystalline and thin film photovoltaic (PV) supply chains. Members of the PV Group provide the essential equipment, materials and services necessary to produce clean, renewable energy from photovoltaic technologies. The PV Group is committed to lowering costs for PV energy and for expanding the growth and profitability of SEMI members serving this essential industry. With the input and guidance of the SEMIBoard of Directors and Global and Regional PV Advisory Committees in North America, Asia and Europe, the PV Group has prepared a White Paper, The Perfect Industry The Race to Excellence in PV Manufacturing, that describes the ideal industry characteristics for the high-growth PV industry and describes both current and potential SEMI policies, program and initiatives designed to achieve them. By defining and communicating ideal or perfect industry end-states, equipment and materials suppliers along with cell and module manufacturers can more effectively prioritize industry-wide initiatives. The White Paper outlines four attributes of the perfect industry long term growth sustained profitability environmental excellence, and global scope. Each of these attributes is examined to explain and understand their role in the industrys formation, and to help understand and describe the necessary industry actions required to achieve the greatest impact. The SEMI PV Group beUeves that hepng grow and facilitate the global market for PV is essential to its mission and that India will play a vital role. Following a path that proved successful in the semiconductor and display industries, the SEMI PV Group believes that for the industry to achieve long-term growth, open markets and a global supply chain supported by global standards will be required. A sustainable industry committed to long term, profitable growth industry will also be one with harmonized standards for environmental, health and safety standards and guidelines that yield high-quality, low- cost products from any manufacturing location in the world. Unlike semiconductors and virtually any other industrial segment the importance of PV industry goes beyond the economic well-being of its participants. The production of clean, renewable energy is of vital importance to every human being on the planet.Renewable Energy sector in IndiaIndia has the worlds largest programme for renewable energy. Government created the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982. In 1992 a full fledged Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources was established under the overall charge of the Prime Minister. India is blessed wi th an abundance of sunlight, water and biomass. Vigorous efforts during the past two decades are now bearing fruit as people in all walks of life are more aware of the benefits of renewable energy, especially decentralized energy where required in villages and in urban or semi-urban centers.The range of its activities coverProduction of biogas units, solar thermal devices, solar photovoltaics, cookstoves, wind energy and small hydropower units.Create an environment conducive to promote renewable energy technologies,Promotion of renewable energy technologies,Create an environment conducive for their commercialization,Renewable energy resource assessment, research and development,Demonstration,Extension,Solar EnergySolar water heaters have proved the most popular so far and solar photovoltaic for decentralized power supply are fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. More than 700000 PV systems generating 44 MW have been installed all over India. Under the water pumping progra mme more than 3000 systems have been installed so far and the market for solar lighting and solar pumping is far from saturated. Solar drying is one area which offers very good prospects in food, agricultural and chemical products drying applications.SPV SystemsMore than 700000 PV systems of capacity over 44MW for different applications are installed all over India. The market segment and usage is mainly for home lighting, street lighting, solar lanterns and water pumping for irrigation. Over 17 grid interactive solar photovoltaic generating more than 1400 KW are in operation in 8 states of India. As the demand for power grows exponentially and conventional fuel based power generating capacity grows arithmetically, SPV based power generation can be a source to meet the expected shortfall. Especially in rural, far-flung where the likelihood of conventional electric lines is remote, SPV power generation is the best alternative.Wind PowerIndia now ranks as a wind superpower with an ins talled wind power capacity of 1167 MW and about 5 billion units of electricity have been fed to the national grid so far. In progress are wind resource assessment programme, wind monitoring, wind mapping, covering 800 stations in 24 states with 193 wind monitoring stations in operations. Altogether 13 states of India have a net potential of about 45000 MW.Solar CookersGovernment has been promoting box type solar cookers with subsidies since a long time in the hope of saving fuel and meeting the needs of the rural and urban populace. There are community cookers and large parabolic reflector based systems in operation in some places but solar cookers, as a whole, have not found the widespread acceptance and popularity as hoped for. A lot of educating and pushing will have to be put in before solar cookers are made an indispensable part of each household (at least in rural and semi-urban areas). Solar cookers using parabolic reflectors or multiple mirrors which result in faster cooking of food would be more welcome than the single reflector box design is what some observers and users of the box cookers feel.Solar Water HeatersA conservative estimate of solar water heating systems installed in the country is estimated at over 475000 sq. mtrs of the conventional flat plate collectors. Noticeable beneficiaries of the programme of installation of solar water heaters so far have been cooperative dairies, guest houses, hotels, charitable institutions, chemical and process units, hostels, hospitals, textile mills, process houses and individuals. In fact in India solar water heaters are the most popular of all renewable energy devices.Solar Heating and CoolingMost solar water heater research is currently focused on reducing costs rather than increasing efficiency. Current work involves replacing standard parts with less expensive polymers. Examples include polymer absorbers with selective coatings, UV resistant polymer glazing, and polymer heat exchangers. The main types are glazed and unglazed flat plate types and the evacuated tube types with about 100 million units deployed worldwide with evacuated tubes making up about 25% of the market. Asian growth is predicted to continue.Forms of Renewable Energy SolarEach day more energy reaches the earth from the sun than would be consumed by the globe in 27 years. Solar energy is renewable as long as the sun keeps burning the massive amount of hydrogen it has in its core. Even with the sun expending 700 billion tons of hydrogen every second, it is expected to keep burning for another 4.5 billion years. Solar energy comes from processes called solar heating, solar water heating, photovoltaic energy and solar thermal electric power.Solar Heating An example of solar heating is the heat that gets trapped inside a closed car on a sunny day. Today, more than 200,000 houses in the United States have been designed to use features that take advantage of the suns energy. These homes use passive solar designs, whi ch do not normally require pumps, fans and other mechanical equipment to store and distribute the suns energy in contrast to the active solar designs which need the support of mechanical components. A passive solar home or building naturally collects the suns heat through large south facing windows, which are just one aspect of passive design. Once the heat is inside, it is captured and needs to be absorbed. A sun spot on the floor of a house on a cold day holds the suns heat and is perhaps, the simplest form of an absorber. In solar buildings, sunspaces are built onto the southern side of the structure, which act as large absorbers. The floors of these sunspaces are usually made of tiles or bricks that release air. Passive solar homes need to be designed to let the heat in during cold months and keep the sun out in the hot months. Using deciduous trees or bushes in front of the south-facing windows can do this. These plants lose their leaves in the winter and allow most of the sun in, while in summer, the leaves will block out a lot of the sunshine and heat.Solar Water Heating The sun can also heat water for bathing and laundry. Most solar water-heating systems have two main parts the solar collector and the storage tank. The collector heats the water, which then flows to the storage tank. The storage tank can be just a modified water heater, but ideally, it should be a large well-insulated tank. The water stays in the storage tank until it is needed for something, say a shower or to run the dishwasher. Like solar-designed buildings, solar water-heating systems can be either active or passive. While a solar waterheating system can work well, it cannot heat water when the sun is not shining and for this reason, homes have conventional backup systems that use fossil fuels.Photovoltaic Energy The suns energy can also be made directly into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells, sometimes called solar cells. PV cells make electricity without noise or polluti on. They are used in calculators and watches. They also provide power to satellites, electric lights and small electrical appliances such as radios. PV cells are now even being used to provide electricity for homes, villages and businesses. Usually, PV systems are used for water pumping, highway lighting, weather stations and other electrical systems located away from power lines. As PV systems can be expensive, they are not used in areas that have electricity nearby. However, for those who need electricity in remote places, this system is economical. However, PV power is intermittent, that is, the system cannot make electricity if the sun is not shining. These systems therefore need batteries to store the electricity.Concentrating Solar Power Solar thermal systems can also change sunlight into electricity by concentrating the suns rays towards a set of mirrors. This heat is then used to boil water to make steam. This steam rotates a turbine that is attached to the generator that p roduces electricity. Solar thermal power, however, is intermittent. To avoid this problem, natural gas is used to heat the water. Solar thermal systems should ideally be located in areas that receive a lot of sunshine all through the year.Global Warming and Climate ChangeThe past few decades have seen a host of treaties, conventions, and protocols in the field of environmental protection. The Indian scientist had predicted that human activities would interfere with the way the sun interacts with the earth, resulting in global warming and climate change. His prediction was borne out and climate change is disrupting global environmental stability. Land degradation, air and water pollution, sea-level rise, and loss of biodiversity are only a few examples of the now familiar issue of environmental degradation due to climate change. One of the most important characteristics of this environmental degradation is that it affects all mankind on a global scale without regard to any particula r country, race, or region. This makes the whole world a stakeholder and raises issues on how resources can be allocated and responsibilities be shared to combat environmental degradation. One of the main human activities that releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is the conventional use of fossil fuels to produce energy. Scientists and environmentalists have studied, over the past few years, the impact of conventional energy systems on the global environment. The enhanced greenhouse effect from the use of fossil fuels has resulted in the phenomena of acid rain and accentuated the problem of ozone depletion and global warming, resulting in climate change. Due to the increased use of technology and mechanization in human activities, the delicate ecological and environmental balances are being disturbed. For instance, carbon dioxide is being pumped into the atmosphere faster than the oceans and flora can remove it and the rate of extinction of animal and plant sp ecies far exceeds the rate of their evolution. The reason that global warming and climate change are considered serious global threats is that they have very damaging and disastrous consequences. These are in the form ofIncreased frequency and intensity of storms, hurricanes, floods and droughtsPermanent flooding of vast areas of heavily populated lands and the creation of hundreds of millions of environmental refugees due to the melting glaciers and polar ice that causes rising sea levelsIncreased frequency of forest firesIncreased sea temperatures causing coral bleaching and the destruction of coral reefs around the worldEradication of entire ecosystemsThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to assess scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information needed for the understanding of the risk of human induced climate change. According to the IPCC assess ments, if the present rate of emissions continues, the global mean temperature will increase by 1Celsius to 3.5Celsius compared to 1990 levels by the year 2100. The best estimate is at 2Celsius. Moreover, the impacts of global warming and climate change could become a source of increased tension between nations and regions. For instance, in many countries, a severe disruption of the worlds food supplies through floods, droughts, crop failures and diseases brought about by climate change would trigger famine, wars and civil disorder. Historically, it is the developed world that is responsible for most of the emissions into the atmosphere. However, it is the underdeveloped parts of the world that will suffer its worst effects. For example, as sea levels rise, a country like Bangladesh will suffer much more from the loss of valuable arable and populated lands than North American or European countries, even though, in comparison to the latter, the former would have much less emissions.C hapter 2 Literature ReviewIntroductionSolar energy industry is at an inflection point with developments in technology driving down costs as fossil fuel prices head northwards. In this changing environment, those who will proactively seize opportunities through innovative business models across the solar energy value chain will emerge as winners. The threat to energy security is greater than ever perceived before. With the sub-prime crisis hitting the US and global economies and the dollar depreciating against all major currencies, crude oil prices have crossed the US$140/barrel mark on sustained demand and supply concerns. Not just oil, but other important fuels like coal and gas, has also charted the same path. Since 2002, the increase in fuel prices has been incredible oil and coal have jumped by more than 500% and gas by more than 300%. A classic demand-supply theory may not provide enough justification for this sudden surge and it is becoming increasingly difficult to forecast f uel prices in the long term (EIA forecasts US$70/Bbl for oil and US$6.6/MMBTU for gas by 2030 in its 2008 Annual Energy chance report). While fossil fuel prices are sky rocketing, alternate energy sources like solar and wind look more attractive by the day. Solar industry is at the crossroads of technological developments and operational improvements bringing down its costs and of market forces that shape its demand potential.Solar energy economicsSolar PV (photovoltaic) and CSP (concentrated solar power) electricity generation currently costs around 15-30 US cents per kWh (depending on geographical location) against grid prices of 5-20 US cents across the world for different users. So far, governments across the world have supported solar power with subsidies and feed-in tariff incentives, which would be done away with in a gradual manner. The delivered cost per unit is a function of three important parameters solar system capex and its financing cost solar isolations received by the system and PV cell efficiency. Solar module cost forms about 60% of the total solar system capex. Solar module costs have dropped significantly from about US$25/W in early 1980s to US$3.5/W now, registering a year-on-year drop of 7%. Constraints in silicon supply have restricted this trend to some extent for the last 2-3 years. If module costs drops below US$2/W, grid parity could be achieved. The capacity of silicon production is expected to double in the next 2-3 years as more than US$6-bn would be invested by major firms through 2010. This could lead to a potential oversupplied market, putting pressure on silicon prices. Also economies of scale will lead to cost savings. Cambridge Energy Research Institute reports that the doubling of capacity would reduce production costs by 20%. Cell efficiency is expected to improve from about 15% to 20%, which will further reduce the capex per watt. Thin film and CSP technologies are reducing silicon usage in solar systems. With the combi ned effect of process improvements and technology developments, the cost of solar module could achieve the threshold limit of US$2/W in the next four to five years, ahead of the 2015 target for solar grid parity power set by India. A leading solar company in India is confident of bringing total solar capex below US$2.5/W. If we consider the cost of carbon emissions from fossil fuels, grid power will become more costly (about 3 US cents/unit additional cost for coal based generation). Sustained high fuel prices, accompanied by carbon emission costs, will further accelerate grid-parity time for solar power. While solar power is approaching grid parity, the solar energy industry is witnessing a changing competitive scenario. Structural changes in the industry are visible, along with shifts across the value chain by companies to capture the future value.Solar industrys changing dynamicsThe solar PV industry value chain consists of the following segmentsThere are two clear groupings in t he value chainSilicon to module manufacturing group andProduct and system integration.Silicon manufacturing (solar grade) is close to a US$1bn industry, while the size of the installation industry is about US$6-bn. Silicon module segment is capital intensive and technology driven. It captures most of the value in the solar value chain, as a handful of large companies are present in this segment. The fragmentation increases subsequently across the value chain. Silicon and wafer manufacturing companies enjoy about 40% profit margins, while installers typically work with about 10-15% margins. Recent activities in the solar PV value chain indicate major shifts in the industry structureCompanies aiming to create an integrated presence across the value chain Sun Power, a US based solar cell and module manufacturer, recently acquired Power light, a system integrator present in US and Europe.Companies developing alternate technology options Applied Materials, a semiconductor company, acquir ed Applied Films, a producer of thin film deposition equipment.Module manufacturers tying up the silicon end Moser Baer, an Indian solar company, recently completed a series of strategic tie-ups in the silicon-cell segment to secure silicon supply and technology access.On the application side as more and more off-grid solutions are emerging, customer interface management would become crucial. Concentrated solar power (CSP) also holds promise with ability to generate electricity on a large scale (10 to 80