Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Ethics - Essay ExampleBusiness does not exist nonparasitic of the society, and consequently politics. The participation and involvement of the businesses in the corrupt practices and policies of the governments has also been to some extent responsible for the developments which direct to the ongoing protest movements that are challenging governments in the Middle-East. The emerging concept of Corporate Social indebtedness (CSR) calls for positive interactions on the part of the corporate entities with the communities in view of the fact that the companies are part of the communities and in turn the community is one of the stakeholders of the companies. Nasr, S. (2006) points out that if implementing corporate governance standards in joint venture companies has proved to be difficult, trying to apply them to family businesses is an even more difficult task. This is because such businesses are more approximately family than they are about business. The economy of the Mid dle East countries is dominated mostly by the family businesses. However, the broad photograph emerging in a society is required to be well understood both by the family and professional entities for a sustainable development in the long run. ... e towards the environmental function of the mankind, this ably reflects the limits in terms of exploitation whether socially, economically or politically by the various vested interest groups. Blowfield, M & Murray, A. (2008, p.24) state There are various ways of categorizing the main issues that fall under the corporate responsibility. He has listed out Business ethics, Legal compliance, Philanthropy and community investment, Environmental management, Sustainability, Animal rights, Human rights, thespian rights and welfare, Market relations, Corruption and Corporate governance as prominent areas of corporate responsibility activity today. The culture and business are the cornerstones for development of the communities or societies in the world. The industrial development over the period of metre has played an important role in the economic development of the countries relegating agriculture to the secondary place. Blowfield and Murray countenance placed business ethics in the forefront as its corporate responsibility, and the influence of the business enterprises in the society and politics has been growing phenomenally over the period of time. The importance of business in the aim of things has been further stressed by the phrase Corruption and Corporate governance implying that corruption and corporate governance is closely interlinked. When we say corruption in the corporate companies, logically it is implied that the business influences politics negatively by way of corruption to further their corporate interests. The business enterprises in the Middle East countries acting as a conduit for the movement of monies out of the countries to the safe havens have facilitated corruption in these countries perpet rated by the political forces.

Functions of The Foreign Exchange Dealing Room Essay

Functions of The outside(prenominal) Exchange Dealing Room - Essay ExampleAddition whollyy, there is overly needs to assess on what ar so special in the foreign exchange market place, which fanny simply explains its interesting aspects before reaching to its functions, with referencing attach to Citibank.Before beginning to discuss just more or less the functions of Foreign exchange dealing room, with sighting referencing with Citibank, there is need in a nutshell to know about the biography of the bank as far back to its initial take up. It is found that On June 16, 1812, with $2 jillion of capital, City Bank of New York (now Citibank) opened for business in New York City. Through many varied leaders and economic environments over the course of its rich history, Citibank continues to grow and prosper.In 1998, all Citicorp divisions merged with all divisions of Travelers Group to form Citigroup Inc. Citibank continue as a strong brand under the Citigroup umbrella. (Citibank NA). Today, the Citibank has about 200 million account customers in more than 100 countries globally.It is ranked in the world commercialise that Citibank is leading globally in the foreign exchange (citiFX) market, as the team of experts in that field everlastingly ensures that they meet the customers needs. While dealing with the Citibank, it is confirmed that you will be able to get feedback constantly about the issue of foreign exchange, which relates to International, regional and the local market. You will also getting details on the rank of current financial market, so one can take immediate decision at the take in time needed. Moreover, it is noted that the Citibank (Customer Advantage) is of great good in terms of attaching customers priority. According the Bank statement, Citibanks financial market customer proposition is based on fair pricing, rapid execution, 24-hour delivery and innovative solutions. These services are delivered in the context of long-term relations hips that pre-empt new customer needs for liability management, yield enhancement and execution of instrument of market views. Citibank offers a diverse portfolio of products

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Death of a Salesman - Essay Exampleican Dream of making a safe and deposit life for oneself through sheer dint of hard work and the consequent failure of the dream is at the sum total of Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman.Some of the plays important characters atomic number 18 Willy Loman, the protagonist who is an aging salesman. His married woman Linda is a loyal and devoted housewife. They have two paroles namely Biff who is elder and Happy who is the young of the two. Both the brothers are in truth unlike each other in many ways and we are going to investigate these characters by comparing and contrasting them. Though Linda knows Willys faults yet she tries her best to plump for by him. Speaking of her husband she says, Hes not the finest character that ever lived. But hes a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. (Linda Loman, Act 1)Biff is Willys elder son who is a 34 year old reckless and irresponsible person who finds it extremely hard trying to hold on t o a job for a reasonable period of time. He is like the typical rolling pitfall gathers no moss type and this exasperates Willy his father who tries his best to make something of him, but to no avail. Happy who is Biffs younger brother, is 32 years of age and is the opposite of Biff where jobs are concerned. He has a energise job and works on a steady and regular basis. However, unlike his brother Biff he does not have enough courage to take risks to improve his present status. He prefers to go on in the same way as when he started without making changes to better himself.Willy is quite envious of his palmy businessman neighbor Charley who is a constant reminder of all that Willy is not. Moreover, Charleys son Bernard was a very hardworking, intelligent and very successful person which proved to be Willys sore point because his son Biff Loman was no where near to him. In this context Willy once passed snide remarks saying Bernard is liked, but not well liked showing his envious attitude. (Biff Loman, Act 1)Biff

Reforms Regarding Easements In The UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reforms Regarding Easements In The UK - Essay Examplees of space per person even in office space, it so follows that it would credibly be only natural for close toone from England demanding justice if a neighbour came to fish in his or her pond, swim in a backyard pool, or use the lavatory at ones whim. As much(prenominal), it can be very difficult to actually define an rilievo, especially if the person using the rest does not want to formally admit that he or she is using the other persons piazza illegally. Also, the prevailing may not want to admit that there is an easement between two the dominant and the servient, as the dominant may feel that, legitimating that relationship might therefore give the servient some type of rights or ownership to his or her propertywhich it does, but that is almost entirely beside the point. The person who holds the easement doesnt exactly own the property. Its more like, they are borrowing it or using it for a certain time and then wont be t here anymore. Usage of an easement is, for the majority, not continuous. Thus, these facts should be taken into account when one is considering either making an easement formal or doing something in order to make the process of acquiring an easement possible. In all circumstances, paperwork should always be alter out so there is no misunderstanding between the dominant and the servient. This is essential for the relationship. III. What Can Be Done with an Easement (500 words) Although an easement itself is defined by four strict necessities by law, what can be done with an easement should definitely be clarified. It has been said that an easement is extinguished if the dominant and servient tenements come into the identical ownership2 That may be true, but unless it was expressly written into the law in such a like manner, one might... When someone encroaches upon another persons legal boundariesno matter how enlightened the dominantthe servant always has the potential to face pro blems, due to the territorial nature of people. It only makes sense, then, that legally, there essential be excrete grounds where easements are concerned, for all parties involvedeven if the easement is an informal reason between two neighbors that one can fish in his pond with or without stipulations. Whatever the agreement, it must(prenominal) be something that can be sealed with a handshake if a verbal agreement, and agreed on paper with a signature if the dominant requires it from the servant. In any case, paperwork is only there to protect twain parties from any kind of liability. Easements are definitely difficult problems to tackle, but worthwhile. That having been said, it is both the owner and the servants best interests to slam what they want, respectively, and that each party can then have boundaries which are to be followed. This really helps everyone with the idea that the property is to be shared, and it encourages a sense of community between the dominant(s) and servant(s). It is hoped that, in the future, easements will be able to be more readily available without having to finagle through a long and difficult legal description about what it constitutes. The law should definitely be made simpler to explain these concepts well to the general public. Through clear extrapolation of the law, this is possible. Discussing easements can be quite a complicated task.

Contemporary Issues in Organisational Behaviour Essay

Contemporary Issues in Organisational Behaviour - testify ExampleIn order to understand what information engineering does to organisational behaviour, mavin should understand what information technology does in an organisation. Its main functions are information capture, information storage, information manipulation, and information distribution. It is ensnare that computer arranging increased the amount of factual information, increased the involvement of employees in decision making especially cerebrate to computer issues, and increased the ability to check on activities in real time. As Bakan et al (n.d.) denominate out, with this increased presence of information technology, it has become possible for employees to feel that they get easy access to jell information and also that they can easily influence the decisions and behaviours of others. Though the above mentioned are the positive side, there are a large number of contends for the organisational behaviour. ... In ad dition, more and more people lose their rent outs as a result of this change. Thus, there is a feeling of insecurity and fear in employees around the world. This is one of the most important challenges for organisational behaviour to handle at present. Along with this comes the problem of lack of motivation. Admittedly, when communication takes grade through modern communication devices, and when machines replace man, there is lack of direct interaction. Thus, increased insecurity on with decreased interaction leads to a drop in motivation levels. In other words, todays organisations are spread across various geographical areas and are connected mainly using the move on communication technology. However, this modern technology can, at times, function as hindrances for managers in knowing their employees of distant places personally. As studies have proved, it is vital to know the culture of people to motivate them. For example, there is the study by Sohrabi, Gholipour and Amiri (2011) which found the groups that are virtually linked show less job satisfaction, less job involvement, less job commitment, and less organisational citizenship. Handling globalisation and its various effects In the opinion of Chaneta (n.d), the second major challenge is the globalisation and its various impacts. Some important aspects of globalisation that affect businesses at present are the work of valuable skills and investments, increasing cultural diversity, immigration, job migration, and multicultural workplaces. Admittedly, globalisation leads to the creation of cultural diversity inwardly the society and organisation. These various cultures have various attitudes and ways of interaction. For example, while the Americans believe in

Soil Consolidation during Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Soil integrating during Construction - judge ExampleGenerally, any undrained loading or unloading will produce excess focalise compacts in the loading area. Hence, social structure of any suit of infrastructure generates wring on the vulgarism on which the construction takes place. The excess pore pressures may be positive or negative, depending on the long name steady state pore pressures. In time, these excess pore pressures give rise to hydraulic gradients which give birth seepage flow which then results to changes in the volume of the soil. Hence, the changes in soil volume are ground upon the changes of effective stress as the excess pore pressures disperse.The dull reduction in volume of a fully saturated soil of low permeability which is caused when stress is what consolidation refers to. More specifically, consolidation is the alliance of seepage caused by hydraulic gradients with compression receivable to the flow of the leakages and changes of effective stres s hardened against the soil. Consolidation leads to drainage of some of the pore water, which triggers the continuity of soil consolidation until the excess pore water pressure caused by the stress against the soil has completely dispersed.Through the test of time, consolidation leads to settlement of foundations or constructions due to the gradual softening of soil in excavations. Therefore, consolidation settlement is basically the vertical dislocation of the construction as a result of the volume change of soil during the consolidation. Hence, if a building is built oer a layer of saturated clay, consolidation settlement will cause a stratum overlie a clay layer. Likewise, if an excavation is made in a saturated clay, crowding, the reverse of settlement, can be observed in the bottom of the excavation. This, on the other hand, is due to swelling of the clay resulting to a gradual increase in volume of the soil.The most basic case of consolidation is that of one-dimensional on w hich the filter generated against the soil is zero-lateral. One-dimensional consolidation occurs when all seepage flow and the effective stress placed against the soil is vertical. Hence, there should be no radial seepage or strain. If effective lateral stress is placed against the soil, the settlement will occur faster. This is because of the deformation of the soil under undrained conditions, in addition to consolidation settlement. Immediate settlement can be estimated using the results from elastic theory, which will be able to assure the elastic properties of the soil.Furthermore, before a structure is completely conceptualised, the magnitude and the rate of consolidation settlement should early be predicted using effective tools. One of the popular processes used in predicting the progress of consolidation is by setting up piezometers in order to document the change in pore water pressure with time. The scale of consolidation settlement can be determined by recording the le vels of appropriate extension service points on a construction and in the surface on which it will be built. In much(prenominal) measurement, levelling of the reference points should be accurate, working from a point of reference which is not subject to any type of settlement. During this process, every output should be documented, as this will determine the competence of theoretical methods to be used.The attributes of a soil during one-dimensional consolidation can be measured through oedometer test. This test, developed

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Socrates - Essay ExampleThis tenet of Socrates is right. Suppose, if a soul has a psychological some conundrum and he or she feels happy to cut his or her skin, then in the light of this example, the doctrine of Socrates observe true, because by cutting skin that person cannot benefit himself or herself in any way. So the doctrine of Socrates is right that the person do wickedness actions to get some benefit.In doctrine, there are twain concepts about evil. One concept is narrow evil and the other is broad evil. Broad concept of evil divides evil acts in congenital evil and moral evil. Moral evils are result of benevolent intentions whereas natural evils do not results from the intentions of the human beings. The narrow concept of evil includes the most despicable actions character and events. Philosophy is also of the view that the clash of interest in different people causes evil to prevail contempt the fact all think it wrong.In essence, Socrates was of the view that huma n beings are responsible for evils and evils harm the person who does evil acts. His thinking is right as the person who does evil act, does wrong to his of herself. Philosophy also asserts that human beings are responsible for evil

East Asian histiory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

East Asian histiory - Essay congresswomanThe two events occurred almost at the same time, and, therefore it will be easier to connect the two historic events with relative ease.My story will focus on Mr. Haro Aoki who is an experienced encounterer jet pilot. He is of Nipponese descent. He is married to a South Korean woman whom he met during the colonial occupation of the Korean peninsula by the Empire of Japan. During this occupation, the Korean area was regarded as a sphere of influence for the Japanese and as a result a lot of their citizens went to settle there and even married and started families with the locals Mr. Aoki was no exception. When the certify World War breaks out, he is called upon by the air force to serve his terra firma. He is among the pilots that participated in the bombardment of Pearl Harbor. However, as the war rages on and there are disturbances in the Korean empire, he is torn between remaining in Japan to fight for his mother country and going bac k to fight for his wifes native land. It is a story of loyalty and love delving into whether Aoki should stay and fight along his fellow Japanese in the war or go back and get involved in the Korean War in order to secure the safety of his wife and that of his family. The tale transpires on a sunny morning when Mr. Aoki who had just come from Japan to Korea to see his wife, Mrs. Aoki. They had been married for the past six months and were expecting their offset printing born child within the next three months. Mr. Aoki was excited and had spent the past few old age going over possible names for his unborn child. However, on this particular morning, he woke up with a bad feeling in his gut. The war rhetoric over the past few days had gotten overmuch louder. When he left Japan for Korea, tensions were rising and there was a flurry of activities in the barracks as the nation made war preparations. The tensions were caused by reports that the Japanese had committed unfathomable crimes and atrocities in China, especially in the Nanjing Massacre. This had

CRJS478IP4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRJS478IP4 - Research Paper Example deoxyribonucleic acid profile includes the extr recreateion of the DNA from a specimen and separating the molecule to fragments. Since DNA varies from one individual to another, the patterns formed by the fragments are different and unique to the individual. DNA profiling is used expansively in the detection and prevention of crime as well as ensuring that prosecutions are safe (McDonald & Lehman, 2011).DNA profiling is important in the law enforcement process because it offers the possibility of ascertain whether biological materials found at the crime scene belong to the person suspected of committing the crime. The process toilet be utilized in identifying rapists in sexual assault cases. The main advantage of DNA profiling as compared to other serological tests is that DNA tests evoke be conducted with more(prenominal) accuracy. DNA profiling is more specific compared to other tests such as HLA and ABO typing. A DNA profile can be obtained from the tinniest body tissue found at the scene and this makes DNA profiling desirable since only very(prenominal) little evidence is needed (Toom, 2012).In rape case investigations, relevant evidence that can be collected from the scene include used condoms, clothes, sheets and other physical evidence such as hair, throw together fibers and trace evidence. In rape cases, there are two crime scenes, which are the place the act took place and the victims body. Evidence from both these environments is essential to investigations. Used condoms often contain body fluids, especially semen, and this can be helpful in identifying the perpetrator through the use of DNA profiling. Clothes and sheets also eat biological material from both the victim and the perpetrator and analysis of these can yield sufficient breeding to form a profile of the perpetrator. Likewise the other physical evidence and trace evidence would credibly have body cells from the perpetrator of the crime and these

The New Jim Crow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The saucily Jim Crow - Essay ExampleAny statement that doesnt concide with what it implies is hypocrisy even if it is in the put to work of a law. A law not implemented sincerely and judiciously is self negating. Spare the magnetic pole and suck the child is not valid today as the contrary is more correspondingly to spoil the child. This is in fact what is happening in our society today. Our laws target to prevent the crime and through a vicious circle of incarceration end up in promoting it simply because of the real focus organism upon segregation of those whom we dont want to be in the mainsream of our society. How incarceration can be reply effective and promote discrimination is the point to ponder upon. This was the point that flashed across the mind of Michelle Alexander, an associate prof at the Moritz College of Law at Ohio State University, while he happened to quickly glance at a roadside bill reading, The Drug War is the New Jim Crow. His reaction to this poster, in his own words was, Yeah, the criminal-justice system of rules is racist in many ways, but making such an absurd comparison doesnt help. People get out just think youre crazy. (Alexander) Right as he was, this thought required thorough probe and interrogation to establish what he thought was a fact. He did so and after a lapse of trusty enough time delivered an illuminating speech at Constitution Day, during an event hosted by the Constitution put up and the Georgetown Center on National Security. He stated conclusively, the system of mass incarceration is now vaccinated from judicial scrutiny for racial bias, much as slavery and Jim Crow laws were once protected from total challenge. Jim Crow is iconic for laws pertaining to discrimination. In the early days of our history such laws were proclaimed openly like Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. It was a pro-slavery clause in the U. S. Constitution and provided that, persons held in return of wear out in one state, escaping into an former(a) ... shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service of labor may be due.(Ronald and Davis) Further to it Those who refused could be fined and jailed. Slave catchers were paid a bounty for each(prenominal) slave captured. (Ronald and Davis). We do not have such harsh laws today because now we are relegate equipped with the use of legal terms to express our illicit thoughts. Discrimination of colour and creed, not articulate though, is embedded in the subconscious of our society and those at the helms of legal affairs do not supernumerary any opportunity to imprison and reimprison the defaulters of color or creedon one or the other pretext. Crux of the thinking is that we want to keep almost of the society, away from society on pretence of some legal ground, mostly prompted by political motives. Living in a truly free society, the downcast and white feel attracted towards one another like the opposite poles well known for their intrinsic affinity, when heretofore constrained to live together they act like similar poles and tend to repel one another. duress has been a favourite mode of avengement in the history of law. The stated objectives of imprisonment are to punish the criminals followed by their training and education to reintroduce them in the society as useful and respectable citizens. Facts that get on with in light through research do not approve the realization of these objectives, for example statistics enter that most of the persons once charged and imprisoned are charged and

Western history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Western history - Essay ExampleAround the start of the 16th century, the weakening of the church service was in conjunction with the strengthening force of socio- sparing, philosophical and scientific liberation. The period witnessed important religious, political, social, and philosophical changes in Europe.The medieval age was characterized by the strong power of the Catholic Church that was more often great than that of the ruling king. Thus, even the political and social aspects of the medieval life were dependent on the Church. However, the Protestant rehabilitation of the 16th century which was initiated by the arguments of Martin Luther, founder of Protestantism, weakened the Church. Kings and Princes worked together to challenge the power of the Church leaders, in the first place the Pope.The cultural consensus of Europe base on universal participation in the Body of Christ was broken. on with the Reformation came challenges to secular society. The nature and organizati on of power and government came under reevaluation as well. The huge tint of the Church in the medieval times2 caused the religious change to go hand-in-hand with changes in politics and society.Along with the decentralisation of power from the Church and its supported rulers (kings and queens) came the rise of an expanding social club. The middle class, also known as the class of the bourgeosie, was growing and generally becoming more powerful. Merchants and learned artisans characterized this class, as opposed to the royal bloods and Church appointees who dominated the medieval age.The period was also home to the Commercial Revolution which was a time of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately 1520 until 1650. Voyages of discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries allowed European powers to build vast networks of global trade. This then resulted to the generation of a great deal of wealth for them. This growing global economy wa s based on silver, which allowed an easier

Internship Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Internship Report - Essay ExampleSummary 23 Works Cited 25 H. Appendix 27 1. Organization Chart 27 3. Financial Data 2011 28 A. Introduction The report states about my experiences gained from the internship period at Disney Vacation Club in Orlando, Florida. Furthermore, the paper in any case intends to specify the department in which my responsibilities had been assigned along with the skills and knowledge that I was able to gain from the internship in regularize to deal with the challenges while bleeding in a corporate sector. Internship is a process of adaptation on-the-job training to new recruits with the intention of grooming their skills and experiences which further helps the intern to act in consent with the organizational requirements. In relation to this aspect it can be stated that internship has emerged as one of the ingrained factors for attaining higher c argoner growth among the high school and university students along with the post-graduate adults. Furthermore , internship often acts as a curriculum for the students where they can implement their gained knowledge and skills expanding their information with corporate data (Yafang & Gongyong, A Study on cordial reception Students Satisfaction towards their Internship a Case from Hang Zhou, China). The report also intends to elaborate on the work culture of the organization in which I am completing my internship, i.e. Disney Vacation Club. ... It also signifies the developed skills and measures which are often assureed by the internee towards improving the organizational performances while satisfying the customers demands. B. Descriptive Section 1. Company visibleness Disney Vacation Club (DVC) was founded in the year to serve the national as well as world-wide tourists with a place to spend holidays or vacations with families as well as friends. DVCs operations are operated by its Walt Disney Company (WDC). DVC also provides its vast clientele with resort facilities in various destinat ions which take Florida, how-do-you-do and South Carolina. The governance system observed in DVC is principally controlled by the President Mr. Claire Bilby. DVC serves its customers with certain facilities which include travel & tourism related operate, food and accommodation amenities along with special entertainment services for children among others. The operations of DVC are guided by its mission statement which states that Treat customers like you want to be treated and they will become customers forever. With references to the statement it can be affirmed that the organization intends to consider its customers as highly valuable with the intention to yield greater breaker point of satisfaction from customer get services and assistances as desired by individuals. This particular strategy is also believed to reward greater degree of customer loyalty thereby contributing to the long run sustainability of the organization (Disney Vacation Club, Company visibility). It is wor th mentioning in this context that the company intends to frame simple strategies towards enhancing the performances of the entire workforce in order to serve its customers with efficient and effective services

Successful andor unsuccessful application of organizational behavior Essay

Successful andor unrewarded application of organisational behavior concepts in any government - Essay ExampleConcepts that are necessarily connected with organizational behavior are those which have a direct impact on the preceding(prenominal) corporate objectives of the organization. The most common among these concepts are the organizational culture, effectiveness, diversity, learning, efficiency and conversation. Wal-Mart has been well known for its unique charitable Resource Management (HRM) practices, extremely democratic organizational structure/culture and highly successful employee motivating strategies. Organizational culture consists of both the individual and collective characteristics of the employees within the organization. Organizational culture is a var. of knowledge, belief, and behaviorit is the form, beliefs, norms, social patterns, the way things are done, the symbols and rituals (Burton, Lauridsen, & Obel, 2004).Organizational behavior and its associate d concepts of Wal-Mart have to be examined against its HRM practices, organizational structure and employee motivation strategies which in turn depend on other variables such as the impact of globalization on the production line, government rules and regulations, market demand for and supply of factors of production such as labor and the level of competition. The geographic and occupational mobility of labor also matters. Wal-Mart with a workforce of roughly 2.1 million is the biggest public company in the world by revenue, i.e. US $400 billion (approximately) in 2008. These staggering figures apart the giant market place retailer has been looked upon as the model American business organization by many analysts and industry experts.Theoretical underpinnings rough organizational behavior and the related concepts have been evolving over the years from Taylors scientific management theory, through gracious relations theories and theory X and theory Y people to the modern day behavi oral theories. This diachronic delineation signifies a number of aspects about the conceptualization of organizational behavior in the modern business context. Thus a particularly important aspect of leadership research in the sphere of organizational behavior is focused on Social Identity Model of Organizational Leadership (SIMOL). SIMOL is currently in vogue for the sole reason that it serves not only as a behavioral approach to organizational culture but also as a contingency model to study leadership (Kramer and Staw, Editors, 2003, p.283). Its relevance to this analysis lies in the correlation between the organizational behavior concepts such as organizational communication and diversity and corporate objectives such as profits and market share.Next theoretical postulate which has a satisfying bearing on organizational behavior concepts is the leadership style and the latter with a considerable measuring of complexity applies to a variety of business contexts. For instance leadership style in Wal-Mart is characterized by a degree of democratic delegation of freedom to the staff to take decisions at the operational level. This aspect of the organization is subject to critical analysis for it obviously presumes that organizational behavior engenders a series of culture-centric responses to the external strategic environment including that of competitors behavior. Corporate strategy in this particular context plays

Project Management Skills Task Coursework Essay

Project Management Skills Task Coursework - Essay ExampleIn the lightly of the fact that, it should be emphasized that some beams are not suitable for the tasks of such a nature, redundant shaft of lights will be required for controlling the task management execution. Moreover, these additional tools will be require for proper tracking of the planned activities, while standard tools and charts can be applied as the stray implementation planning tools mainly. This can be explained by the fact that IT forges that involve some(prenominal) aspects ( dressing, inst completelyation, adjustment and customization, teaching, servicing), and the team is splendid enough, the tasks should be divided into several sub-tasks for proper project management. The key defined tools involve Gantt map, logic Network, PERT chart, PBS and WBS. As a rule, these are universal control and execution planning tools, nevertheless, on that point is a need to divide the project into several sub-tasks, delegate the responsibility for executing several sub-tasks simultaneously, as well as consider effective risk management options. Risk management whitethorn be regarded as an essential part of the overall project implementation. This is explained by the fact that the credibility of risk rising is higher than zero. Additionally, the initial circumstances of the project implementation presuppose sufficient risks for the timely execution of all the project phases. Tools Analysis Gantt Chart This type of project management tools is regarded as one of the classic instruments. As a rule, most project management practices are associated with dividing the project into several phases, and Gantt Chart is the best tool for controlling the implementation of every particular phase. It is suitable for controlling the implementation of the subtasks, while the overall project management should be executed by the means of additional tools. Considering the pros and cons of the tool, it should be em phasized that the Gantt Chart has pay off a universal and simple tool for defining the skeleton of the project, additionally, its functionality may be extended which offers a wide range of additional opportunities. Bolles and Hubbard (2007) emphasize that Gantt Chart is regarded as a reliable tool for small projects, since a restricted amount of activities can fit the tool format perfectly. On the other hand, projects with several subtasks can become messed. This is explained by the fact that the breakdown structure is often defined simultaneously with the project scheduling, while these activities can be performed sequentially only scheduling after breakdown structure creation. Moreover, the tool does not allow including sufficient project data. (Pinto, 2002) In fact, it may be included, though the project may become too heavy and entangled, which complicates the communication process seriously. Since the key phases of the project are mainly associated with upgrading and adjusting computers, the Gantt Chart will not be an effective tools, as sufficient preparation work should be done. The preparation phase involves 1. Collecting accurate database of the machines 2. Defining the optimal upgrade algorithm 3. Creating the training program 4. interconnected the working schedule of the departments with the project activities Chart Phase Week1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Database collection ? ? Training development ? ? ? Scheduling ? ? Upgrade ?

Computerized provider order entry(CPOE) Assignment

Computerized provider cast entry(CPOE) - Assignment ExampleThese systems are used for various reasons in health care. It is worth noting that this system makes it possible for individuals in the health care industry to insert precise and detailed analytical information relating to results from medical investigations to break presence of disease, prescription information, as well as nursing information and guidelines. This helps individuals to keep proper electronic records. CPOE is a computerized system that helps link medical practiti whizzrs with patients medical information, links a medical practitioner with his or her colleagues in the health sector, links all computerized systems in a health institution, and also links one medical unit with other units or departments.CPOE helps reduce errors in the medical field. Some of the information bowed in the CPOE system include prescribed amounts of medicines, sensitivities, and patients medical history. Availability of all this infor mation is important as it helps healthcare providers consider all the benefits and possible effects of medications and hence minimize inaccuracies. A methodical investigation conducted in Brigham and Womens Hospital focusing on the effectiveness of CPOE, there was a decline medical mistakes or inaccuracies by fifty five percent in a period of four and half years (Doolan and Bates, 2002)To substantiate the benefits of CPOE, it is imperative to compare it with paper-based systems. According to Doolan and Bates (2002), The advantages of CPOE over paper-based methods include decreased transcriptions, increased accuracy and completeness, and the ability to enter orders in multiple locations (A4). This systems also makes it possible for health care providers to make resolutions regarding the patients health status aptly and timely as all information is readily available and computerized.The implementation of CPOE improves competence and effectiveness in health delivery systems. This is

Nanotechnology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nanotechnology - Essay Example1342-1347 Roco, 2001,pp. 225-233 Singh, Olson, & Maher, 2007, pp. 189-190 Takagi , Hirose A, Nishimura, Fukumori, Ogato, Ohashi, Kitajima & Kanno, 2008, pp. 105-116 Takenaka ,Karg , Roth, Schulz , Ziesenis, Heinzmann, Chramel, & Heyder, 2001, 547-461 Tinkle, Antonini, Roberts , Salmen, DePree & Adkins, 2003, pp, 1202-1208 Tran, BuBuchanan, Cullen, Searl, Jones, & Donaldson, 2000, pp, 1113-1126 Vincent & Clement, 2000, pp. 2673-2682. ). Describe the down and tin can up approach to nanotechnology There atomic number 18 two approaches in synthesizing nano strongs and the creation of nano structures. These are top-down and arse-up approaches (Gitam University, 2013). Top down approach is the slicing or successive cutting of a bulk material to get nano sized particle (Gitam University, 2013 Srinivasan, 2008, p. 1-3 Sullivan, 2001, pp. 51-53).Bottom up approach, on the other hand, refers to the build-up of a material from the bottom (Gitam University, 2013 ). This means materials are reduced atom by atom, molecule by molecule or meet by cluster. Both approaches are considered crucial in the development of modern nano industry and both possess advantages and disadvantages (Gitam University, 2013). Experts cited that process of attrition or milling is a common top down method in establishing nano particles while the colloidal dispersion is a bottom up type approach in synthesizing nano particles (Gitam University, 2013 Iqbal, Preece, & Mendes, 2012, p, 1). Experts explained that the task with top down approach is the surface structure imperfection and the potential crystallographic damages in the aspect method (Gitam University, 2013). This posed additional challenges in the architectural design and fabrication of matters although the application remained favourable to the employment of nano materials albeit some limitations and risks posed by researchers (Gitam University, 2013 Brown, 2002, p. 1). Notwithstanding defects, nanotech continues to play an important role in the synthesis of nano structures (Gitam University, 2013). The ampere-second is experiencing this advancement. This is even done in the production of salt and nitrate in chemical industry(Gitam University, 2013 Institute Of Nanotechnology, 2003, p, 245). considerable ago, people are already content to use rock salt as mixture and for food for thought preservation. These days, there are already iodized salt that are reduced into minute particles in the market. Hence, tools are now made with nanometer scale to produce nano structures with less defects, and more homogeneous chemical account (Gitam University, 2013 Institute Of Nanotechnology, 2003, p, 245). Unlike the bottom up approach, the top-down method introduces internal stress, surface defects and possible contamination. To notwithstanding cite an example, electronic integrated circuits are created using top-down process with limitations described (Gitam University, 2013 Institute Of N anotechnology, 2003, p, 245). bottom-up approach assembles materials in supramolecular chemistry that combined an alternative route (Gitam University, 2013 Institute Of Nanotechnology, 2003, p, 245). Indicate the current be of technology progress towards each of these. The development of laptops, microchips for information archiving, production of scanning tunneling microscope, digital cameras with zooming lenses that capture and

Surprise Under the Carpet at Northern Sigma Essay Example for Free

Surprise Under the rug at Northern Sigma EssayBased on the information generated by the consultations with the two different groups, what dupe you learnt about this plant? What I pass learnt about this particular plant is the fact that the workers are not in harmony with each other. They similarly tend to assume things as per the behaviors of the other groups for instance the sportsmanlike male groups tend to think that or rather assume that these women and disfavour groups feel that not nevertheless were they leftover out of important task forces but were required to be ten cartridge holders split than their white counterparts in order to be promoted (Robbins, et al. 2011).Midrand plant employees have no communication channels whatsoever with their senior heed and this is rather obvious by the reaction seen on Peter Barnes once the results of the interview have been given. 2. What whitethorn have led to these problems? There are a number of factors that may have le d to the problems currently being experienced in this plant for instance lack of motivation and procreation especially for women and disadvantaged groups, lack of proper communication channels and submitions from the top management to the workers and vice versa as well as lack of conflict management skills (Robbins, et al. 011). It is clear that conflict exists between the workers thus resulting in poor performance. And despite the fact that majority of employers are highly educated there are no programs offered for enhancement of skills for these employees which makes them stagnant in a business world that is forever changing and in request of new and unique business skills (Robbins, et al. 2011). 3. What consequences are likely to emanate from these problems? Such problems as experienced by this plant result in a number of consequences for instance not being able to abide by and maintain workers.Those already experiencing conflict within this plant are pressured into quitting as revealed from the interview results with the case of women and disadvantaged groups by the white male groups (Robbins, et al. 2011). Such companies also tend not to attract potential workers and this may be harmful for the companys future success in as far as meeting its objectives is concerned. Organizational conflicts also result in low morale amongst the workers, reduced ollaboration, reduced productivity, static or aggressive behavior and distrust (Robbins, et al. 2011). 4. Do you go over that Barnes should be responsible for these problems? Explain. I agree that Barnes should be responsible for these problems since he is the general manager having the responsibilities of not only hiring and recruiting of staff but also training process managers under him. A general manager is expected to encourage team members in their work as a port of getting the best output from them (Robbins, et al. 2011).In this particular case, Barnes left the workers to do carry out the tasks witho ut any particular supervision and expected results by the end of the day. He is not seen as having followed up any of his workers performance progress and that is why he is shocked at the results of the interview. An effective general manager must have leadership qualities to be able to lead and direct his workers (Robbins, et al. 2011). 5. What specific recommendations would you offer to Barnes to improve the management of diversity at the plant?As a way of improving the management of diversity at the plant, Barnes should first and foremost consider establishing a conducive works environment where all workers can work in harmony with each other without feeling discriminated or overworked (Robbins, et al. 2011). He should also create equal opportunities for both groups of workers where women and the disadvantaged groups can feel that their contributions are taken seriously in group projects.Clear communication channels should also be established in order for the workers to feel com fortable enough to open up and share their opinions, doubts or ideas regarding projects or the management of the company. This is especially so in the case of the Asian group whose members were considered difficult to understand and very skinny (Robbins, et al. 2011). In this way, Barnes will better manage this diverse workforce and experience better results the next time such an interview is conducted.

Cost Benefit Analysis Essay Example for Free

be receipts Analysis EssayWhen operating a business or managing a project, there are legion(predicate) moving parts that need to be discussed, evaluated, and/or implemented. A very in force(p) tool that set up help that can help in a business decision or project is track a court benefit abbreviation. Running this analysis will help a project manager determine how well, or how poorly, a planned action will turn out (John Reh, 2014). This type of analysis relies on the addition of positive factors and the subtraction of negative ones to determine a net result (John Reh, 2014). When pose a together a cost benefit analysis for a big production accompany like Bubble Films, it is a big project to own. Having 150 employees spread out into multiple states makes it effortful to get all the information needed. There are many factors when you are dealing with multiple areas of cognitive process to provide an accurate cost benefit analysis. The cost of networking equipment and the power it takes to operate them.The amount of cloud blank shell and the security holdd to protect it and the power to operate. Once you start operating outside of the office, conducting an accurate cost benefit analysis. With the employees working at home, are they working the full day or a hardly a(prenominal) hours here and there? Do you have to pay for their use of electricity and internet, per diem? Is it more cost effective to put everyone in an office rather than work at home? Many questions have to be answered to create and effective analysis. Cost benefit analysis is a very important tool to use when pitching a new idea or project. This will show the investor, project manager, or chief operating officers exactly where their money is going to go and how they are going to make a return. It similarly helps identify flaws in the budget and whether a company can expand or downsize.ReferencesJohn Reh, F. (2014). Cost Benefit Analysis. Retrieved fromhttp//management.about.co m/cs/money/a/CostBenefit.htm

Analyzing Bertrand Russell Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Bertrand Russell turn outI believe what Russell was stating was that we non only need to nourish our bodies, we also need to tend to our minds as well. We must be c arful not to sink into monotony, because when we do we tend to fall back to the composition instincts of operating on routine rather than using our minds. When this happens we risk starving ourselves intellectually. The whole basis of philosophy is that on that point is no right answer, philosophers debate and never come to any real conclusion. Basically the knowledgeability of philosophy is the opinion of one or many, and when an answer has been validated, it shifts from opinion into fact.Once it becomes a fact, it falls into the experience of facts vs falsehoods. One example would be the original thought of the sun revolving around the earth, at the time that was a Fact. After much research it became disputed and opinionated. Now, everyone knows for a fact that the Earth is revolving around the sun alternatively of vice-versa Is on that point a God? This question pass on remain insoluble because science cannot prove or disprove the existence of a higher power. Is there intelligent looking at in out there? This chance of this question being answered is relatively higher than the previous.But currently it is insoluble due to a lack of interest in that field. Is there an afterlife? This will be insoluble because it is impossible to jazz due to it being impossible without experiencing it first-hand. What is the meaning of life? This question (for some reason) is on many rafts minds, but to most it will remain a mystery. When is the end? This day and age seems to be riddled with people who are doomsayers, who think they can see the apocalypse approaching. But in verity, no one knows how it will end, its all speculation.To me it sounds like Russell is attempting to explain that the journey through life tends to wear on most people, until they bonnie shuffle from one day to the next, from cradle to grave. They ask no questions, have no wonderment at lifes mysteries, and are content to take things at face value. For those of us who look at life and question what they experience or see, it leads to discussions with others, which sometimes leads to conclusions. The apple falling on Newtons head (be it a metaphorical or a literal) led to the question of gravity and how it effects objects.Despite this question leading(a) into a purely scientific/mathematical field, I still believe it was a philosophic question, as I am sure Newton discussed his ideas with his colleagues. This being said, I believe Aristotle said The unexamined life is not worth living. because to accept things that you see without question leads you down a very simplistic path with no knowledge gained, whereas a life full of questions and curiosities can open up doors, not just in an individuals life but in the lives of all mankind. It is this difference that makes a life worth living.I n my opinion, Russell believed that a life boxed in by religious or political restraints on free thinkers stifles not only the individual, but humanity as a whole. The questions we pose to ourselves and others have potentially world changing effects, whether they be for good or bad. Comparing Bertrand Russell to Perictione is the common comparison of yin and yang. Bertrand seems like he wants the questions encountered through life to remain insoluble while Perictione speaks as if he wants to break down everything to its basic components and discover the truth in how they operate.The reason why I am studying philosophy is truly to cure me of my narcissism, things are very black and white to me and it is hard to see any shades of gray between the two. To me there is right and wrong, facts and fallacies, despite the fact that life and all things contained therein are rarely so simple. If I can break myself of this pattern of feeling like my opinion is superior to others then I feel li ke I can grow intellectually.

An analysis of the current activities of Cherwell District Councils Environmental Services Department Essay Example for Free

An analysis of the current activities of Cherwell District Councils Environmental function Department Essay1.0 BackgroundCherwell District Councils Environmental work Department is made up of two sections (Environmental Services and Amenity Services), which deliver a wide run for of diverse helper (see Table 1).Table 1. Services offered by the Environmental Services Department.Environmental ServicesAmenity Services nutrient Safety/wellness and Safety in businessesWaste Collection/ cycleAnimal Welfare/Dog Warden ServiceStreet CleaningPollution Control/Noise hurtingPest Control ServiceHealth Promotion and Disability IssuesEnvironmental Strategy/Agenda 21This report looks at some of the services provided by the commercial team within environmental services who are responsible for food/health and safety law enforcement, infectious disease control, food/ body of water sampling, licensing/registration, complaint investigation and offering information and training. 2.0 Introductio nThe majority of the activities of the commercial team are needful imposed on the Council by statute such as the Food Safety Act and the Health and Safety at Work etc Act. The sections activities are also monitored through quarterly reports to the Chief Executive of the Council, the Food Standards Agency and The Health and Safety Executive.Despite the regulatory function of the section which is primarily the enforcement of the law, it none the less(prenominal) provides a service which is described as the combination of outcomes and experiences delivered to and received by a customer (Johnson Clark, 2001 p9). work 1 lists some of the aspects of the service experience, which can be used when assessing the quality of the service provided.* the extent of personalisation of the carry through* the responsiveness of the service organisation* the flexibility of customer-facing staff* customer intimacy* the ease of access to service personnel or information systems* the extent to which t he customer feels valued by the organisation* the courtesy

Rural Lives Versus Urban Lives Essay Example for Free

Rural Lives Versus urban Lives EssayUrban and rural living each receive their own benefits and drawbacks. A persons personality, work status, financial situation and his or her age may influence the choice of environment where he or she likes living. In my opinion, the rural life-time is somehow suitable for the elderly messs modus vivendi while the urban life always inspirit the way young people live.Its easier and more comfortable for old people to keep up with the rural style in daily life. Firstly, cities atomic number 18 more crowned and faster- gradationd while rural living is often more relaxed and less congested. The slower pace of rural beas provides a sense of community and the openness makes people seem accessible to each other. Secondly, cities have fewer homes with yards, but those living in rural areas have more access to open berth and nature. A close link to the nature is considered as the around important part of old peoples lives. In contrast, cities ha ve state-of-the art skyscrapers and office that serve to create walls. Finally, cities are a hub for industrialization. at that place are more factories and businesses, making the areas more polluted. Additionally, the increased population in cities makes the ground more presumable to be marred by litter and heavy use. These would have a bad influence on elderly residents health.Read moreRural Area vs Urban Area hold in a lively city is always a sparking desire of young people. City life gives inhabitants the ability to be exposed to more culture. Museums, theatre, and monuments are often easily accessible in cities. Additionally, most cities have a broad range of multicultural restaurants accessible by public transportation or walking. In contrast, entertainment in rural areas may be more limited or make travel. These conveniences are main attractiveness to young people and let them try to become a complete urban resident.City life, like rural life, has its share of advantages a nd disadvantages. Peoples lifestyle choices which are different in separate stages of peoples lives dictate where they choose to live.

Prison Food Essay Example for Free

Prison Food EssayAccording to Faulkner (136-137), the need for correctional institutions to rehabilitate offenders has been highlighted by the increase cost of operations as well as recidivism statistics indicating that majority of offenders escalate in crimes committed and the overlook of social participation or integration released offers are able to attain upon release (Hepburn Griffin, 57-59). This perspective suggests that reformation is linked to offenders productive and social potential.At the same time, Holmes (9) believes that the relationships and competencies developed by the offender during incarceration git serve as foundation for social reintegration and long- verge rehabilitation. Thus many correctional facilities much(prenominal) as the northeast Correctional Center, have undertaken programs that are designed to better equip offenders upon their release by lovable them in the institutions kitchen crew (Terris). Their objective is not solitary(prenominal) educating inmates in the food trade industry for doable employment but also to reinforce social bonds and self-development (Hepburn Griffin, 63-66).Background Terris points out that the programs is neither novel nor incomparable to the north Correctional Center. However, unlike general kitchen duties, inmates mentored in the institutions Fife and Drum restaurant found on methods from the Culinary Institute of America by its head chef Eddie Jacobs. When the program started in 1983, the objective was to explicate participants in the preparation of economical meals but since then has evolved into popular and even fine dining cuisine.Furthermore, accord to the programs managers, participation in the program provides participants practical and commercial skills that have stable assume and daily applications. The program has had achieved success both from the perspective of prison house administrators and inmates. According to the former, the programs do not only engage significan tly the interest of participating inmates but has also been enhancing the responsiveness and participation of non-participating inmates in subsisting programs.Terris also relates insights from participating inmate Idris Forde Forde believes that his in working in the Fife according to real world scenarios reinforces the evaluate of work as well as their role in the operation of an enterprise and in turn, their readiness to become productive and benefits not only the Northeastern Correctional Center but also any other stakeholders of the institution. Evaluation According to Currie (185-187), studies of repeat offenders, return to felonious behavior is inversely related to the take of social integration and productivity upon reentry to society.Thus, establishment of programs enhancing inmates competency, productivity and social participation have the potential of fall the risks of recidivism. This opinion is also supported by the National Institute on Drug Ab engagement. Their research indicated that the use of social reinforcement, whether in the form of social exclusion, direct support or mentoring and competencies or skills development, decreases susceptibility to criminal behavior by increasing the personal and social risks of re-incarceration.There is no doubt that there has been greater realization of the role of correctional facilities in rehabilitation, which in contemporary perspectives implies successful reintegration and limiting recidivism. However, it should also be noted that undertaking such a program has also significant challenges. In the slip of the Northeastern Correctional Center, their relatively small population and their prison classification, allow for better margins for such programs. In the case of high-risk facilities which may be in lockdown except for a few hours a day, implementing the program is unlikely.Furthermore, the availability of instructors or mentors for the programs is also a consideration. Moreover, prison progr ams and objectives have to be evaluated if they are consistent with such perspectives. Otherwise, such penal reforms can not be effectively applied or implemented as an usable directive for correctional institutions. Recommendations One of the first tasks to establish the significance of the success of the Fife program is to compare its take aim of success to similar programs in other correctional or rehabilitation facilities.A range to specialize the degree of effectiveness has to also be established to map the competency or effectiveness of the programs. The adjoining task is to identify the common components or strategies of the best programs which can then be utilized to mollify requirements for programs that are to be developed. Regardless of the content, there should be sensitivity towards the constraints of implementation based on prison population, modality of offenses and psychiatric evaluation.Ironically, there should also be realization that despite the level of inpu t or statistical relevance of programs outlines or requirements, there is still a need for frequent sensitivity analyses to adjust the variety of stakeholders and degree public concern afforded such initiatives. In conclusion, despite the level of success that the Northeastern Correctional Center has achieved in its kitchen program, there is still a need to evaluate its long term effectiveness and level application efficiency to determine the critical components for wider application and implementation.

Parental Involvement Essay Example for Free

P arental Involvement EssayThe goal of lordly and amentiferous family and biotic friendship involvement is on every aim purifyment list, just few domesticates fork over go across comprehensive rows of partnership. Research suggests that this goal is an authorised one to establish beca habituate families and communities contribute to childrens breeding, development, and school supremacy at every grade level.Studies are accumulating that show that well-designed programs of partnership are important for dishing on the whole families incarnate their childrens education in unproblematic, center, and high schools. That is, if schools plan and implement comprehensive programs of partnership, therefore many much families respond, including those who would not become involved on their own. Three questions need to be addressed to help educators choke from believing in the importance of family and federation involvement to conducting effective programs of partners hipWhat is a comprehensive program of school, family, and biotic connection partnerships? How do family and community partnerships link to opposite aspects of successful schools? How apprise tout ensemble schools develop and parent productive programs of partnerships? Components of a Comprehensive Program of PartnershipsA frame draw of six types of involvement guides schools in establishing honorable and productive programs of school-family-community partnerships. This section summarizes the six types of involvement and discusses a few sample practices that are being implemented in schools across the country that are working to purify and increase family and community connections. Also remark are some of the ch anyenges that either schools must overcome to create successful partnerships, along with examples of results that bath be expected from each type of involvement for students, families, and educators.Comprehensive programs of partnerships include activities for al l six types of involvement. Because there are many activities to choose from, elementary, middle, and high schools can tailor their programs of partnerships by selecting activities that match specific school goals and the interests and of necessity of students and families. pillowcase 1Parenting. reference 1 activities are conducted to help families lace parenting skills, view child and juvenile development, and set home conditions to support learning at each school level. image 1 activities too enable families to provide propoundation to schools so that educators understand families backgrounds, cultures, and goals for their children. prove practices. Among slip 1 activities, elementary, middle, and high schools whitethorn conduct workshops for parents provide short, comport summaries of important information on parenting and mug up opportunities for parents to exchange ideas with former(a) parents, educators, and community experts on topics of child and adolescent develo pment. Topics whitethorn include health, nutrition, discipline, counsel, peer pressure, preventing drug abuse, and planning for the future. typesetters case 1 activities also provide families with information on what to expect and how to prepare for students transitions from pre-school to elementary school, elementary to middle school, and middle to high school.Additional topics for successful parenting may concern family roles and responsibilities in student attendance, college planning, and other topics that are important for student success in school. Schools also may offer parents General Educational Development (GED) programs, family support sessions, family computer classes, and other learning and social opportunities for parents and for students. To ensure that families provide valuable information to the schools, teachers may want parents at the start of each school year or periodically to share insights active their childrens strengths, talents, interests, take, and g oals.Challenges. unmatchable argufy for successful face 1 activities is to get information from workshops to parents who cannot come to meetings and workshops at the school building. This may be done with videos, tape recordings, summaries, newsletters, cable broadcasts, phone calls, and other print and nonprint communications. Another Type 1 challenge is to design procedures that enable all families to share information easily and as needed just almost their children with teachers, counselors, and others.Results expected. If useful information flows to and from families about child and adolescent development, parents leave behind increase their confidence about parenting, students leaveing be much sensible of parents continuing guidance, and teachers go out correct understand their students families. For example, if practices are targeted to help families enthral their children to school every daytime and on time, then student attendance forget improve and lateness w ill decrease. If families are part of their childrens transitions to elementary, middle, and high school, then more students will adjust well to their new schools, and more parents will remain involved across the grades.Type 2Communicating. Type 2 activities increase school-to-home and home-to-school communications about school programs and student progress through and through notices, memos, conferences, report cards, newsletters, telephone calls, e-mail and computerized messages, the Internet, open houses, and other traditional and innovative communications.Sample practices. Among many Type 2 activities, elementary, middle, and high schools may provide parents with clear information on each teachers criteria for report card grades how to interpret interim progress reports and, as necessary, how to work with students to improve grades or behavior. Type 2 activities include parent-teacher conferences parent-teacher-student conferences or student-led conferences with parents and teac hers. Student involvement in conferences helps youngsters declare personal responsibility for learning. Activities may be designed to improve school and student newsletters by including student work, a feature column for parents questions, calendars of important events, and parent response forms. Many schools are beginning to use e-mail, voice mail, and websites to raise two-way communication between families and teachers, counselors, and administrators.Challenges. One challenge for successful Type 2 activities is to make communications clear and understandable for all families, including parents who take for less formal education or who do not read English well, so that all families can understand and respond to the information they receive. Other Type 2 challenges are to know which families are and are not receiving and understanding the communications in order to design ways to reach all families develop effective two-way impart of communication so that families can easily con tact and respond to educators and make sure that students understand their roles as couriers and interpreters in facilitating school and family connections.Results expected. If communications are clear and useful, and if two-way channels are easily accessed, then school-to-home and home-to-school interactions will increase more families will understand school programs, follow their childrens progress, guide students to maintain or improve their grades, and attend parent-teacher conferences. Specifically, if computerized phone lines are used to communicate information about homework, more families will know more about their childrens daily assignments. If newsletters include respond-andreply forms, more families will send ideas, questions, and comments to teachers and administrators about school programs and activities.Type 3Volunteering. Type 3 activities are designed to improve recruitment, training, and enumerations to involve parents and others as volunteers and as audiences at the school or in other locations to support students and school programs.Sample practices. Among many Type 3 activities, schools may collect information on family members talents, occupations, interests, and availability to serve as volunteers. These important valet resources may help enrich students subject classes improve career explorations serve as language translators observe attendance and call parents of absent students conduct parent patrols and morning greeters to increase school safety and ready and improve activities such as clothing and uniform exchanges, school stores, and fairs.Schools may organize volunteers to serve as home-room parents, neighborhood representatives, and sports and club contacts and may establish telephone trees to help parents communicate with each other about school programs and events. Schools may establish a corps of volunteers to offer a wel-come wagon of information about the school to students and families who enroll during the school year. Schools also may create opportunities for mentors, coaches, tutors, and leaders of after-school programs to ensure that students beget experiences that build and expand their skills and talents and that keep them safe and supervised after school. Some Type 3 activities may be conducted in a parent room or family center at the school where parents procure information, conduct volunteer work, and meet with other parents.Challenges. Challenges for successful Type 3 activities are to recruit volunteers widely so that parents and other family members feel welcome make hours flexible for parents and other volunteers who work during the school day provide needed training and enable volunteers to contribute productively to the school, classroom, and after-school programs. Volunteers will be better integrated in school programs if there is a coordinator who is responsible for matching volunteers available times and skills with the needs of teachers, administrators, and students.Another T ype 3 challenge is to change the definition of volunteer to mean anyone who supports school goals or students learning at any time and in any place. This includes parents and family members who voluntarily come to school as audiences for students sports events, assemblies, and musical or drama presentations, and for other events that support students work. It also includes volunteers who work for the school at home, through their businesses, or in the community. A related challenge is to help students understand how volunteers help their school and to encourage students to interact with volunteers who can assist them with their work and activities.Results expected. If tasks are well designed, and if schedules and locations for volunteers are varied, more parents, family members, and others in the community will assist elementary, middle, and high schools and support students as members of audiences. More families will feel comfortable with the school and staff more students will tal k and interact with varied adults and more teachers will be informed of and use the time, talents, and resources of parents and others in the community to improve school programs and activities.Specifically, if volunteers serve as attendance monitors, more families will assist students to improve attendance. If volunteers conduct a hall patrol or are active in other locations, school safety will increase and student behavior problems will decrease because of a better studentadult ratio. If volunteers are well-trained as tutors in particular subjects, student tutees will improve their skills in those subjects and if volunteers discuss careers, students will be more aware of their options for the future.Type 4Learning at home. Type 4 activities involve families with their children in schoolman learning activities at home that are matching with students classwork and that contribute to student success in school. These include interactive homework, goal-setting for academic subjects, and other curricular-linked activities and decisions about courses and programs.Sample practices. Among many Type 4 activities, elementary, middle, and high schools may provide information to students and to parents about the skills needed to walking each class, course, or grade level and about each teachers homework policies. Schools also may implement activities that can help families encourage, praise, guide, and monitor their childrens work by using interactive homework strategies student-teacher-family contracts for long-term projects pass home-learning packets student-led at-home conferences with parents on portfolios or folders of writing samples or work in other subjects goal-setting activities for improving or maintaining adept report card grades in all subjects and other approaches that keep students and families talking about schoolwork at home.Family fun and learning nights are often used as a starting point to help parents and students focus on curricular-related to pics and family interactions. These meetings require parents to come to the school building. A systematic approach to increasing academic conversations at home is found in the Teachers Involve Parents in Schoolwork (TIPS) interactive homework for the elementary and middle grades.Challenges. One challenge for successful Type 4 activities is to implement a regular schedule of interactive homework that requires students to take responsibility for discussing important things they are learning, interviewing family members, recording reactions, and sharing their work and ideas at home. Another Type 4 challenge is to create a schedule of activities that involve families regularly and consistently with students on short-term and long-term goal-setting for attendance, achievement, behavior, talent development, and plans for college or careers.Results expected. If Type 4 activities are well designed and implemented, student homework completion, report card grades, and test scores in specific subjects will improve and more families will know what their children are learning in class and how to monitor, support, and discuss homework. More students should apprehend required course credits, select advanced courses, and take college entrance tests. Students and teachers will be more aware of families interest in students work.Type 5Decision-making. Type 5 activities include families in developing schools billing statements and in designing, reviewing, and improving school policies that affect children and families. Family members become active participants on school improvement teams, committees, PTA/power takeoff or other parent organizations, Title I and other councils, and advocacy groups.Sample practices. Among Type 5 activities, elementary, middle, and high schools may organize and maintain an active parent association and include family representatives on all committees for school improvement (e.g., curriculum, safety, supplies and equipment, partnerships, fund-raisi ng, postsecondary college planning, career development). In particular, along with teachers, administrators, students, and others from the community, parents must be members of the carry through Team for Partnerships, which plans and conducts family and community involvement activities linked to school improvement goals. Schools may offer parents and teachers training in leadership, decision-making, policy advocacy, and collaboration. Type 5 activities help to identify and provide information desired by families about school policies, course offerings, student placements and groups, special benefits, tests and assessments, annual test results for students, and annual evaluations of school programs.Challenges. One challenge for successful Type 5 activities in all schools is to ensure that leadership roles are filled by parent representatives from all of the major race and ethnic groups, socioeconomic groups, and neighborhoods that are present in the school. A related challenge is t o help parent leaders serve as effective representatives by obtaining information from and providing information to all parents about school issues and decisions. At the high school level, a particular challenge is to include student representatives along with parents in decisionmaking groups and in leadership positions. An ongoing challenge is to help parents, teachers, and students who serve on an Action Team for Partnerships or other committees learn to trust, respect, and listen to each other as they collaborate to reach common goals for school improvement.Results expected. If Type 5 activities are well implemented in elementary, middle, and high schools, more families will have input into decisions that affect the step of their childrens education students will increase their awareness that families and students have a say in school policies and teachers will increase their understanding of family perspectives on policies and programs for improving the school.Type 6Collaborati ng with the community. Type 6 activities draw upon and coordinate the work and resources of community businesses cultural, civic, and religious organizations senior citizen groups colleges and universities governmental agencies and other associations in order to strengthen school programs, family practices, and student learning and development. Other Type 6 activities enable students, staff, and families to contribute their services to the community.Sample practices. Among many Type 6 activities, elementary, middle, and high schools may inform students and families about the availability of community programs and resources, such as after-school recreation, tutorial programs, health services, cultural events, service opportunities, and summer programs. This includes the need to assist students and families to gain access to community resources and programs. Some schools work with local businesses to organize gold card discounts as incentives for students to improve attendance and rep ort card grades. Collaborations with community businesses, groups, and agencies also strengthen the other five types of involvement.Examples include enhancing Type 1 activities by conducting parent education workshops for families at community or business locations increasing Type 2 activities by communicating about school events on the local radio or television stations, and at churches, clinics, and supermarkets soliciting volunteers from businesses and the community to strengthen Type 3 activities enriching Type 4 activities by offering students learning opportunities with artists, scientists, writers, mathematicians, and others whose careers link to the school curriculum and including community members on Type 5 decision-making councils and committees.Challenges. One challenge for successful Type 6 activities is to conclude problems associated with community-school collaborations, such as cover problems of who is responsible for funding, leading, and supervising cooperative ac tivities. The initial enthusiasm and decisions for school-community partnerships must be followed by actions that sustain productive collaborations over the long term.Another Type 6 challenge is to recognize and link students valuable learning experiences in the community to the school curricula, including lessons that build on students nonschool skills and talents, their club and volunteer work, and, in high school, their half-time jobs. A major challenge is to inform and involve families in community-related activities that students conduct. Related challenges are to help students understand how community partners help their school and to engage students, themselves, as volunteers and in service-learning in their own schools, in other schools, and in the community.Results expected. Well-implemented Type 6 activities will increase the knowledge that families, students, and schools have about the resources and programs in their community that could help them reach important goals. Well-designed community connections will increase student access to and participation in community programs. Coordinated community services could help many students and their families prevent health, social, and educational problems or solve problems before they become too serious. Type 6 activities also should support and enrich school curricular and extracurricular programs.Summary. The six types of involvement create a comprehensive program of partnerships in elementary, middle, and high schools, but the implementation challenges for each type of involvement must be met in order for programs to be effective. The quality of the design and content of the involvement activities directly affect the expected results. Not every practice that involves families will result in higher student achievement test scores. Rather, practices for each type of involvement can be selected to help students, families, and teachers reach specific goals and results. The examples above include only a few of hundreds of suggestions that can help elementary, middle, and high schools develop strong programs of partnerships.How Partnerships Link to Other Aspects of Successful SchoolsGood schools have hooked and talented teachers and administrators, high expectations that all students will succeed, rigorous curricula, engaging instruction, responsive and useful tests and assessments, strong guidance for every student, and effective school, family, and community partnerships. In good schools, these elements combine to promote students learning and to create a school climate that is welcoming, safe, caring, stimulating, and joyful for all students, educators, and families.

Aim of My Life Essay Example for Free

Aim of My Life EssayThere is a saying, Those who aim mellow, reach high. It is indeed true. Without a clear-cut aim in life, life just drifts. It just floats-aimless, rudderless and non knowing where one is heading to. If we look into the lives of ample men and women of our times, we see that they had clear- cut aims and well demarcated goals in life. Having clear-cut goals in life is the first step to success, because Where there is a will, there is a dash. I cede al counsels been very passionate about flying air- crafts. As far as I can remember. I arrive at always wanted to be a buffer.Perhaps, this desire to live on a pilot originated in me due to the fact that my uncle is an air- force pilot. His life, the adventure stories he used to reassure me, the respect and fame he received, etc. , have all inspired me to follow his foot-steps. But it is non gentle to father a pilot, especially an air- force pilot. And I am very much aware of this fact. This prank require s a great deal of intelligence and proper education and training. A number of years have to be spent studying aeronautics and early(a) related subjects and gaining proper training.Certain physical seaworthiness is also required. Moreover, risks are the part and parcel of the life of an air force pilot. One must be ready to face any adverse situations, as accidents injuries and even sudden death. This job calls for a great deal of personal discipline, courage and determination. It is one of the toughest professions in the world. Yet I am determined to become one. At puzzle I am putting my very best in my studies. I have joined the N. C. C. to make myself fit and to achieve certain amount of discipline and physical fitness.After my matriculation examination, I intend to study my pre-university course in a renowned college in New Delhi. I would be staying with my uncle in New Delhi so that I could get acquainted with the air force way of life. Another purpose of shifting myself to N ew Delhi, is to enable me to attend some professional coaching classes for national Defence Selection Test. It is one of the toughest examinations currently held in India. I believe that two years of discriminating preparation would enable me to get through this test. Once the person passes this test, he is called for an interview.Interview is also evenly an important step in the selection process. A good deal of preparation has to go in, forward the interview. After the interview is over, there is the physical test which would not be a major line of work for me, as I have all the necessary physical standards at present, in respect to my present age. Once a person gets through this stage, he is sent for training as a pilot for two or three years. Training is extremely difficult and competence is the key word in this process. Even at this stage there is certain amount of selection.Only the really fit and able individuals are sent for higher and more intense training as fighter pilots. Only afterwards several years of intense training, that they are declared to be fighter pilots. Perhaps no other job requires so much of training and updating as the job of a pilot. I do know that everyone who aims does not reach the goal they aim at. Many fail on the way. Some exculpate out in between. Some get stuck down by bad luck and ill health. As for me, I am doing all I can to reach my goal. Only time will tell, whether I will finally reach my intended goal. I hope that luck and favour will not desert me on the way.

Investigating a simple pendulum Essay Example for Free

Investigating a simple pendulum Es asseverateIn a way, I speculate that my prove was successful. Most people would say that it would not scram been a successful experiment if their results did not exactly match some of their predictions, conscionable like my results, but I call up that my experiment was a successful unmatched because it made me attract that results will not always match predictions and it is fine to get results different from those you expected because it bring outs you more things to examine when doing your evaluation. I think that my experiment was quite a fair one seeing as from each one test was done three quantify and an average result was taken. When I was testing the variables, length, mass and amplitude, I provided tested one at a time, keeping the other two variables the aforesaid(prenominal). I performed the experiment in the centre of the work bench, so the pendulum could not hit anyone passing by or and walls or other objects.As I said ea rlier in my obtaining evidence part of this coursework I think my results may brook been slightly unfaithful seeing as the precision of my results depended on my hand-eye coordination which could not founder been the same every time I judged when to stop the stopwatch. I think that my results would be quite light(a) to reproduce seeing as they all follow the expected patterns and were all taken three times and an average was in like manner taken. I will nowadays be attempting to explain why I think that my results did not match those of the equationOne of the creators for this may be that my results could throw been slightly inaccurate. Another reason may have been that the apparatus that I used was not as accurate as it could have been. If we look at the table of results for the approach pattern, we can see that as the length increases, the difference between the veridical time taken for one swing of the pendulum and the formula result gets closer. This could mean that th e formula is meant for slightly big lengths than 10 and 15 centimetres, maybe something such as one metre and above.Or it could mean that my results atomic number 18 inaccurate, curiously those with shorter lengths, seeing as they swing faster and are obviously harder to get accurate results for. And now I will be attempting to explain why I think that the formula , did not give a constant result. The reasons are the same as the ones for the above formula, that my results may have been slightly inaccurate and that the apparatus I used may also have been inaccurate. And again, if we look at my table of results, the results of the formula seem to get closer to a constant as the length increases.This could mean that the formula is meant to be used for slightly larger lengths than those that I investigated or it could mean that my results are slightly inaccurate, again especially with those smaller lengths, seeing as they are harder to time as they swing a lot faster than the larger lengths. If I had to do the experiment again, I would use some different equipment and I would only investigate length as a variable seeing as I now slam that it is the only variable that affects the time taken for one swing of the pendulum.The piece of equipment that I would want to miscellanea almost would be the time measurement device that I used. A good time measuring device would ensure both accurate and reliable results, which is what every experiment needs to be rightfully successful. The best device I can think of would be a light sensitive one which starts a timer when the ventilate of light is broken, by the string passing through it, and stops it when the beam is broken again.Using this method would not only ensure accurate and reliable results, but it would leave behind me to get the time taken for one swing only and not the average of ten swings dual-lane by ten. But such a piece of equipment would be very expensive and would also be very hard to set up, so I t herefore think that it would not be feasible to use a piece of equipment like the one described above. From looking at my results, I would also change the lengths of the strings that I would time, seeing as when I compared my results to those given by the formulas, the shortest lengths of string gave the most out of place results.I would probably test lengths of around one metre to one and a half metres. When I got these results I would also compare them to the two formulas I have used end-to-end this coursework. If I had more time I probably would have done each test tail fin times instead of three to be more sure of reliable and accurate results. I would have also tested a wider range of lengths and then I would have been able to see if my predictions were on the whole correct or whether they were slightly wrong.From testing more lengths I would also have been able to go on out whether the formula , worked and also whether the formula , gave a constant result. And just as a f inal thought, even though I know it would not be possible, I would like to investigate the outcome that gravity would have on the time for one swing of the pendulum. I think that gravity would have an effect on the time taken for one swing of the pendulum seeing as it features in the same equation that helped me to predict that only length would effect the time taken for one swing of a simple pendulum.

Timberland’s Corporate Essay Example for Free

woods Corporate EssayHow would you stipulate woodlands exercise of its corporate power in order of magnitude? Is timbre using its fascinate responsibility? If so, how? I would characterize Timberlands exercise of its corporate power in society as Corporate Social Responsibility. Timberland is being soci totallyy responsible towards society and is acting in a way that enhances society. Timberland is practicing the iron law of responsibility which says that in the long run, those who do not use power in ways that society considers responsible will tend to dawdle it. The company is using its influence responsibly through charitable giving cash and in-kind donations, and giving footgear toschoolchildren in Afghanistan, and sustainability issues.Has Timberland balanced its economic and social responsibilities through its various programs, such as the yearbook Serv-a-Palooza event and sustainability goals? Are the companys programs examples of enlightened self-interest? Serv-a -Palooza was an event that celebrated Timberlands centennial anniversary where over 500 volunteers worked on various projects to support local New Hampshire communities and areas in Missouri afected by tornados. Timberlands sustainability goals include reducing carbon emissions and using renewable animation sources. The two programs balanced Timberlands economic and socialresponsibilities. By having a philosophy to advance the interests of others and the communities that surround them. Timberlandultimately serves their own self-interest.What are the arguments for andagainst Timberlands socialresponsibility initiatives? Arguments for Timberlands social responsibility initiatives include balancing corporate power with responsibility, improving stakeholder relations, and enhancing business reputation. Arguments against Timberlands social responsibility initiatives include requiring skills businesses may lack and placing responsibility on the business or else than individuals. Althou gh Timberland possesses power and influence, responsibility comes with power and they need to properly manage that power. As previously menti bingled, Timberland is using its power responsibly by way of charitable giving and reducing their carbon footprint. By focusing on social issues Timberland has created strong stakeholder relationships and built a loyal customer base. Although one can raise arguments against Timberlands social responsibility issues, they have done a abundant job of developing the most important intangible asset- their reputation.If you were an executive of VF Corporation, would yousupport continuation of these initiatives? Why or whynot? As an executive of VF Corporation I would appease to support the initiatives of Timberland to continue to establish trust amongst stakeholders. The current initiatives have been beneficial and have not had a significant address to stakeholders. It is important that VF Corporation continue this philosophy and still allow stak eholders to profit from the company with little to no cost. The social enterprise created by Timberland has been extremely successful in improving human and environmental well-being. Not only does Timberland care about their local New Hampshire community, but they search all over the world to find ways to give back to society. If VF Corporation continues to support the social initiatives as they did in their first Serv-a-Palooza Timberland will surely be recognized as one of the nations Best Corporate Citiens.

Criteria For The Project Success Management Essay

Criteria For The Project achievement Management EssayLundin and Soderholm (1995) illustrates the realise as a shipboard organization and assert the time conception as one of the cardinal distinguishing features of transient organizations from permanent organizations (task, aggroup and transition ar other triple distinguishing features). Cleland and King in 1983 (cited in Cooke-Davies, T. J. 2001) adopted a uniform approach by the adjacent jump rendering A complex effort to achieve a specific objective within a schedule and budget target, which typically cuts across organisational lines, is unique, and is usually non repetitive within the organisation. Moreover, recent renderings expanded the throw away definition to include the product and /or returns as the calculate come outcomes. For example Dun shadower (1996) throttles throw off as A temporary endeavour under engineern to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that the pop the question has a def inite ending gunpoint and unique means that the product or service differs in whatsoever distinguishing way from all connatural products or services. However, as expectations from hears increase, the definitions for throw away evolved to reflect this. Thus, Turner and Mller (2003) incorporate the idea of undecomposed trade that product of the chuck is expected to deliver, to the stand definition. Thus, they define a take to as a temporary organisation that aims to create a unique service or product that brings added value or delivers beneficial change (Turner and Muller, 2003). Eventhough, in that respect are various fancy definitions that realise been accumulated for almost 50 years, the check of literature revealed that outlined start and end, a common objective and complex quite a little of activities are the deuce-ace most common features that are shared by e genuinely upchuck and thus present in almost every switch definition.2.2 Project SuccessAlthough purpo se supremacy is a core chuck focusing concept, a review of the aim management literature reveals that there is no standardized definition of a throw off winner in the abide management literature (Baccarini, 1999). The advantage of a spue is perceived differently by different winner assessors (Shenhar et al., 2001). Therefore, as Prabhakar (2008, p. 3) noted the only containment seems to be the disagreement on what constitutes project victor. check to Pinto Slevin (1988) ground on their interpret conducted with over 650 project double-deckers, the project success is not only meeting constitute, schedule, and performance requirements rather it requires satisfaction of more complex specifications, such as client satisfaction. Baker, Murphy and Fisher (1983, 1988 as cited in Prabhakar, 2008 and Cooke-Davies, 2001) discuss that client satisfaction has been achieved unit of measurementedly with the end result has a vital influence on the perceived success or ruin of pr ojects (Prabhakar, 2008). In a similar fashion, Baker, Murphy and Fisher (1983, 1988 as cited in Prabhakar, 2008, p.4) states that In the long run, what authentically matters is whether the parties associated with, and affected by, a project are satisfied. Good schedule and cost performance means very little in the face of a poor performing end productDe Wit (1988), on the contrary, defines project success as the assessment of project outcomes against cost, time and quality (as cited in Cooke-Davies, 2001 and Prabhakar, 2008). However, he points out to a distinction amid the project success and project management success, which he defines as bar of project outcomes against the overall project objectives that will be discussed by most of the look forers interested in this orbit area. Furthermore, around other attempt at get outing a viable foundation for project success definition was by Baccarini (1999), who attempts to work to this cleft in the literature by his logical framework method (LFM). The LFM role model distinguishes mingled with four levels of project objectives, namely goal, purpose, output, and input, provides a comprehensive framework for defining, as salutary as, comprehending the project success concept. Baccarini (1999), just as some of his colleagues, ground his work on De Wits (1988) a tenner old research. Similarly, Baccarini (1999) differentiates between project management success and the product success, instead of project success. Product success is related with goals and objective, while project management success is related with the project outputs and inputs. On the other hand, another stream of researchers, including Pinto and Slevin (1987), Belassi and Tukel (1996), Lim and Mohamed (1999) prefer not to distinguish between project management success and project success as two distinct concepts rather consider project management success as world part of and contributing to project success. Lim and Mohamed (1999) took a further step and conducted a study to determine criteria for assessing project success by different stakeholders. Since as Baccarini (1999) notes that criteria for assessing project success has vital brilliance in preventing the project and its team members from holding different views on project success which contributes to project failure. Therefore, it is fundamental to determine and agree upon the criteria satisfying various stakeholders, who have different perceptions of project success.2.3 Criteria for the Project SuccessAccording to Lim and Mohamed (1999, p.243), Success criteria is defined as the set of principles or standards by which project success can be judged. Early research on project success criteria adopted the so-called push Triangle of time, budget and quality as the set of principles for evaluating the success of a project. Almost 40 years ago, Oisen (1971) proposed budget, time and quality as the project success criteria. Many scholars accepted this set of s uccess criteria but also noted the necessity to take into consideration other criteria for the project Success (Turner, 1993 de Witt, 1998 Pinto and Slevin, 1988). More tardily, this set of criteria has been evaluated as being insufficient for assessing the project success comprehensively (Turner, 1993 Jugdev and Mller, 2005). To illustrate this point, according to Jugdev and Mller (2005), assessing project outcomes only with respect to time, cost and, quality is to consider only operational level project management as opposed to anything of strategical value. Jugdev and Mller (2005) focussed on evaluating project success based on the organizational aspects that are ingrained to the project, leaving out outer ones as being too complicated. Nevertheless, there are researchers, such as Pinto and Mantel (1990), who tend to include both internal and outdoor(a) aspects of a project organization, as well as, complex criteria in assessing project success such as, stakeholder satisfac tion, stakeholder community benefits, organization benefits, etc. (Pinto and Mantel, 1990 Atkinson, 1999 Wateridge, 1998). Pinto and Mantel (1990) proposed two additional success criteria, namely, the quality of the project as it is perceived by the project team and an external performance indicator of both project and its team performance (e.g. client satisfaction) in addition to the energy of execution of instrument phase criterion that assesses the project success in relation to internal performance indicators, and the Iron Triangle.Similarly, in a subsequent study, Andersen and Jessen (2000), who attempt to assess project success with respect to the task- and people-oriented aspects, defined project success criteria further into 10 elements. These elements, besides the traditional Iron Triangle components of time, budget, and quality, include the degree of importance of the products to the base organization, the results as perceived by all stakeholders, the learning experience , motivation for future work, knowledge acquisition, the last-place report preparation method, and the way of project termination (Andersen Jessen, 2000). Andersen and Jessen (2000) thus provided a more holistic enter for assessing the success of a project.Lim and Mohamed (1999), on the other hand, in their study attempted to justify this diversity in perception of project success criteria. They concluded different stakeholders perspectives on project success criteria, such as those of the project manager, the project team, the client, and the general public, as being the reason for different perspectives on project success criteria. In addition, Lim Mohamed (1999) note success criteria as one of two constituents of the project success. The other constituent of the project success are Critical Success Factors (CSFs), which will be reviewed in the following section.2.4 Critical Success FactorsIt was Daniel in 1961 (as cited in Amberg et al, 2005), who first coined the term succes s factors in management literature. In his study, he came up with a set of industry-related CSFs that are claimed to be relevant for any company in a event industry. Anthony, on the other hand, in 1972 (cited in Amberg et al, 2005), discussed the need for adaptation of CSFs to a companys and its managers specific strategic objectives. Then, based on the both perspectives by Daniel (1961, cited in Amberg et al, 2005) and Anthony et al. (1972, cited in Amberg et al, 2005), Rockart (1979, cited in Amberg et al, 2005) conducted a study that involved third organizations. He found out that organizations despite operating in the same industry may have different CSFs due to differences in geographic locations, strategies etc. Then on, studies on posting CSFs for different industry projects proliferated in the project management literature.According to Cooke-Davis (2002) researchers have been trying to find out those factors that are little to project success since the late 1960s. Theref ore, the review of literature on CSFs reveals some(prenominal) definitions. The following CSF definition by Rockart (1979, cited in Amberg et al, 2005) is one of the most cited the limited number of areas in which results, if they are satisfactory, will ensure successful matched performance for the organization.In subsequent studies CSFs are defined as characteristics, conditions or variables that, when properly sustained, maintained, or managed, can have a solid impact on the success of a firm competing in situation industry by Bruno and Leidecker (1984, p. 24).Whereas, as factors which, if organizeed, significantly improve project implementation chances by Pinto and Slevin in 1987 (p.22). Lim and Mohamed (1999, p. 243) define critical success factors (CSFs) as the set of circumstances, facts, or influences which contribute to the project outcomes.2.5 Critical Success Factors and the ProjectsDuring the 1970s-1980s, critical success factor requirements had been addressed rathe r as a response to the indicators of project success at the implementation phase, focussing on time, cost, and quality, as well as, stakeholder satisfaction (Jugdev and Mller, 2005). It was Pinto and Slevin (1987), who first attempted to develop a comprehensive set of CSFs related to project implementation success. In their work, they propose a project implementation profile (PIP) model, which consists of 10 CSFs, namely, project mission, top management support, project schedule/plan, client consultation, personnel, communication, skilful tasks, client acceptance, monitoring and feedback, troubleshooting, determining project success. Additionally, the PIP model of 10 CSFs, is claimed to be suitable as an instrument for project managers to measure those factors (Pinto and Slevin, 1987).Later, Pinto and Prescott (1988), take a further step by determining the relation importance of 10 CSFs over the life of a project and dis share that the relative importance of several(prenominal) CS Fs vary at different phases of the project life cycle. The generalized 10 CSFs of the project implementation bring (PIP) have also been employed as a model for numerous project types in several studies (Pinto and Prescott, 1988, Finch 2003, and Hyvari, 2006). However, the factors identified by Pinto and Slevin are not likely to cover every aspect involved in project management. Finch (2003) indicates that the PIP model does not take into consideration a number of significant external factors that affect the success of a project, such as, competence of the project manager, political activities within the organization, external organizational and environmental factors, and responsiveness to the perceived need of project implementation. Nevertheless, subsequent research, conducted during the 1990s-2000s, incorporate the stakeholder issue, as well as, interactions between internal and receiving organizations as factors that are critical for a project success (Jugdev and Mller, 2005).M oreover, in following of providing a comprehensive CSF framework, there have also been attempts that integrate CSFs categorizations and frameworks with project success criteria. Belassi and Tukel in their study conducted in 1996, criticize previous studies, whose critical success factors are mainly focused on the project manager and project organization. They incorporate characteristics of the project and team members, as well as external factors, into their framework. Their framework, thus, provides a classification of project CSFs into four groups namely, project manager, team members, organization, and external environment. Additionally, the framework by Belassi and Tukel (1996) provides an explicit and taxonomic way for examining the intra-relationships between factors in different groups. This scheme provides grouping of project success factors, however it is generic wine rather than industry specific. Another interesting study is by Cooke-Davies (2002, p.185), in which he in troduces a set of questions for the purpose of grouping of CSFs, such as What factors are critical to project management success? What factors are critical to success of an individual project? and What factors lead to consistently successful projects?Moreover, he distinguishes between project management success and project success by claiming that project management success is the satisfaction of traditional criteria of time, cost and quality, whereas, project success is the satisfaction of the overall project objectives. Then, he proposes 12 CSFs, which he extracts from multi-national organizations activities and possible actions. Additionally, although his proposed CSFs are not directly related to human factors, he points out that people have intrinsic importance to all project processes.On the other hand, CSFs introduced by Clarke (1999) involve effective communication, clear projects objectives and scope, decomposing project into manageable size, using project plans as working documents, whereas, Nicholas (2004) proposes a set of CSFs, which are grouped into three categories project participants, communication and information sharing and exchange, and the project management/ forms increase process. Based on an compendium of the literature it can be concluded that there is not a consistent CSF framework. Rather there are different perspectives of what constitute CSFs, depending on how the authors identify and classify them. Moreover, although early literature on project management does not consider project success criteria, containing the focus to CSFs, subsequent studies attempt to close the gap between CSFs and project success criteria, both of which impact on project success. In addition to this, recently developed CSFs are more complex than those of the previous decade as more recent CSFs cover both hard and soft aspects of project management such as the competence of the project manager and the project team members and leadership. The challenge to d etermine relevant CSFs over the full life of a project has been attracting growing interest in recent publications.2.6 Critical Success Factors and the Project Life CycleAccording to Mintzberg (Mintzberg et al, 1998) many academicians, e fussyly in the strategy development field have stated the necessity for rectify project implementation. Nevertheless, Walker and Rowlinson (2008) argue that mainstream literature in the project management and strategy field fails to address these issues because it views implementation As a lesser form of intellectual pursuit than strategy and planning (Walker and Rowlinson, 2008, p.32). Furthermore, Belassi and Tukel (1996) contribute to this issue by claiming that when it comes to project implementation issues, project management literature focuses more on improve tools and techniques such as scheduling, or project failure, rather than on success. However, such position is understandable, as to identify the success factors of a project is a more complex task than identifying failure factors, mainly because of the following reasons.First, parties involved in a project tend to see project success differently and therefore, from each one party may allocate different success criteria to each phase (Pinto and Slevin, 1987 Pinto and Prescott 1988 Baker et al 1983 Belout and Gauvreau, 2004 Fowler and Walsh, 1999). some(prenominal) academicians have proposed models in attempts to capture the processes which a project undergoes during its life. Adams and Barndt (1998), King and Cleland (1983) and Westland (2006) support the model which consists of the following four stages initiation/conceptualisation, planning, execution / implementation and closure / termination. Pinto and Prescott (1988) propose empirically derived CSFs for each of the phases over the project life-cycle and CSFs proposed for implementation phase are mission, trouble-shooting, schedule/plan, technical tasks, and client consultation. Their work was later criticiz ed unsuccessfully by some authors, including Belout (1998) and Belout and Gauvreau (2004), whose results were found to support those of Pinto and Prescott (1988). Third, Belassi and Tukel (1996), Clarke (1999) and King (1996) argue that the CSFs may not directly affect the project outcome. It is the cabal of these factors at different project life-cycle stages that influences the success of the project. They also add that due to uniqueness of a project, some CSFs may be missing or become irrelevant for some projects and therefore covering as many factors as possible that could influence the project would be of little or no assistant to project manager. Moreover, Adams and Brandt (1988) remind us that projects are not static entities rather they change significantly as they progress through their life-cycle stages. Finally, as Belout and Gauvreau (2004), Bellasi and Tukel (1998), Fryer, Antony and Douglas (2007) argue that the relevance of the CSFs vary across different industries. For example, Belout and Gauvreau (2004) found that in the IT industry, with the exception of client acceptance, all other factors proposed by Pinto and Prescott (1988) are critical to success. In construction and engine room industries, on the other hand, client acceptance is critical.2.7 Non Profit ProjectsAccording to Ba Khang Lin Moe (2008), Non Profit Projects plays a significant role in the socio economic development process of both developed and developing countries. In origin literature, indicators of success of the business organization are typically assessed against the profit it gains. But what makes NGOs become effective and efficient, as their work is not driven by the profit motive? It is widely accepted that the non-profit sector has not yet developed its own theoretical framework of management, because of the fact that they do not possess a bottom line against which to measure success organizational standards of performance simply do not exist. black eye to the c orporate sector, NGOs often promote vague and non-quantifiable objectives such as improving human rights, protecting the environment, or advocating democracy. To be more specific, the primary objective of non-profit organizations is to change the quality aspects of the human life or diversify societies, thus making assessment of effectiveness extremely difficult. As Fowler (1997, p172points out, Establishing performance criteria for non-profits and then using them for comparative purposes is a conceptual and practical headache. NGO capacity-building is tied up with indicators of organizational effectiveness or project success (Eade, 1997. In other words, capacity of an NGO should be constructed against indicators the NGO lacks or is weak in. Since NGOs greatly vary within themselves and within different development contexts, as stated above there is no formal consensus on standardized determinants of organizational effectiveness or project success, particularly of NGO development activities with grassroots people. Therefore, assessing the NGO capacity or project performance should be done based on the particular context of individual NGOs and their project activitiesKanter, 1979 Drucker, 1993)2.8 Characteristics of Non Profit Projects compared to For- Profit ProjectsNon profit projects have distinctive characteristics compared to the For-profit projects and Youker (1999) states the differences between International development projects one of the important types of non-profit projects and the other for-profit projects. First of all, compared to hard type industrial and nucleotide projects, Development projects as soft type projects with their less tangible social objectives and deliverables pose a special challenge in managing and evaluating of Development projects (Do and Tun, 2008). In addition to their less tangible objectives and deliverables, the complex web of the many stakeholders is an IDP characteristic that results in another management challenge (Youker, 1999). To illustrate, compared with industrial and commercial projects, which involve the client, who pays for and receives the deliverables of the project, and the contractor, who manages and obtains the craved result (Do and Tun, 2008). Development projects involve a web of stakeholders, including the coordinator as the head of the project management unit the task manager as the supervisor of the project implementation in the multilateral development bureau the national supervisor, to whom the coordinator reports the project team the steering committee as an interface with the local institutional system the beneficiaries as those actually benefit from the project outputs without paying for it the population at large. In addition, ensuring accountability of the project manager is more troublesome within this complex web of stakeholders (Diallo and Thuillier, 2004) as opposed to traditional projects.Youker (1999) based on his study of evaluations of World Bank IDP post- pr oject reports, outlines a number of IDP management challenges in addition to the above mentioned. He states that the lack of shared perception and agreement on the objectives of the projects by staff and stakeholders, as well as, the lack of commitment by the team, management and stakeholders as the problems that had been most sour during implementing Development projects. Also, Youker (1999) counts the lack of detailed, realistic, and current project plans, unclear lines of authority and responsibility, the lack of adequate resources, poor feedback and soften mechanisms for early detection of problems, poor or no analysis of major risk factors, delays caused by bureaucratic administration systems as other challenges that had occurred frequently during IDP implementations in past.2.8 Conceptualising Critical Success Factors for Non-Profit ProjectsEventhough, identifying critical success factors is one of the most popular topics among researchers and practitioners there are very fe w research conducted on Non-profit projects. unmatched of the studies that identified in the literatures was the research conducted by Do Tun (2008). Do and Tun (2008) studied on critical success factors of International Development Projects (IDP), a kind of non profit projects followed by Diallo and Thuiller (2004 2005) have developed a framework based on an adaptation of the Logical Framework Approach (LFA), which is a general methodology commonly used by the development community to design, plan, manage and communicate their projects, for IDP context. Their proposed framework focuses on project life cycle, and then assesses the success of each phase based on the outputs produced by the previous phase. As a consequence, these partial successes are integrated into an assessment of the overall success of the IDP according to the Life-Cycle-Based framework.